Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two bioglass (BG) compositions 45S5 and 1393 in poly-l-lactic composite scaffolds in terms of morphology, mechanical properties, biodegradation, water uptake and bioactivity. The scaffolds were produced via thermally induced phase separation starting from a ternary polymer solution (polymer/solvent/non-solvent). Furthermore, different BG to polymer ratios have been selected (1, 2.5, 5% wt/wt) to evaluate the effect of the amount of filler on the composite structure. Results show that the addition of 1393BG does not affect the scaffold morphology, whereas the 45S5BG at the highest amount tends to appreciably modify the scaffold architecture interacting with the phase separation process. Bioactivity tests confirmed the formation of a hydroxycarbonateapatite-layer in both types of BGs (detected via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Overall, the results showed that 1393BG composition affects the experimental preparation protocol to a minimal extent thus allowing a better control of the scaffold’s morphology compared to 45S5BG.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sun F, Zhou H, Lee J (2011) Various preparation methods of highly porous hydroxyapatite/polymer nanoscale biocomposites for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 7:3813–3828
Lin YM, Boccaccini AR, Polak JM et al (2006) Biocompatibility of poly-dl-lactic acid (PDLLA) for lung tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl 21:109–118
Weigel T, Schinkel G, Lendlein A (2006) Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering. Expert Rev Med Devices 3:835–851
Liu YS, Huang QL, Kienzle A et al (2014) In vitro degradation of porous PLLA/pearl powder composite scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 38:227–234
Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR (2006) Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27:3413–3431
Jones JR (2015) Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater 23:S53–S82
Baino F, Fiorilli S, Vitale-Brovarone C (2016) Bioactive glass-based materials with hierarchical porosity for medical applications: review of recent advances. Acta Biomater 42:18–32
Montazerian M, Dutra Zanotto E (2016) History and trends of bioactive glass-ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 104:1231–1249
Verrier S, Blaker JJ, Maquet V et al (2004) PDLLA/Bioglass® composites for soft-tissue and hard-tissue engineering: an in vitro cell biology assessment. Biomaterials 25:3013–3021
Durgalakshmi D, Balakumar S (2015) Analysis of solvent induced porous PMMA-bioglass monoliths by the phase separation method–mechanical and in vitro biocompatible studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:1247–1256
Ryszkowska JL, Auguścik M, Sheikh A, Boccaccini AR (2010) Biodegradable polyurethane composite scaffolds containing bioglass for bone tissue engineering. Compos Sci Technol 70:1894–1908
Hench LL (2015) Opening paper 2015-some comments on bioglass: four eras of discovery and development. Biomed Glas 1:1–11
Huang W, Day DE, Kittiratanapiboon K, Rahaman MN (2006) Kinetics and mechanisms of the conversion of silicate (45S5), borate, and borosilicate glasses to hydroxyapatite in dilute phosphate solutions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17:583–596
Rahaman MN, Day DE, Sonny Bal B et al (2011) Bioactive glass in tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 7:2355–2373
Bi L, Jung S, Day D et al (2012) Evaluation of bone regeneration, angiogenesis, and hydroxyapatite conversion in critical-sized rat calvarial defects implanted with bioactive glass scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 100 A:3267–3275
Noh D-YY, An Y-HH, Jo I-HH et al (2016) Synthesis of nanofibrous gelatin/silica bioglass composite microspheres using emulsion coupled with thermally induced phase separation. Mater Sci Eng C 62:678–685
Niu Y, Guo L, Liu J et al (2015) Bioactive and degradable scaffolds of the mesoporous bioglass and poly(l-lactide) composite for bone tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 3:2962–2970
Vert M, Li SM, Spenlehauer G, Guerin P (1992) Bioresorbability and biocompatibility of aliphatic polyesters. J Mater Sci Mater Med 3:432–446
Chen Y, Mak A, Wang M et al (2006) PLLA scaffolds with biomimetic apatite coating and biomimetic apatite/collagen composite coating to enhance osteoblast-like cells attachment and activity. Surf Coat Technol 201:575–580
Wu F, Wei J, Liu C et al (2012) Fabrication and properties of porous scaffold of zein/PCL biocomposite for bone tissue engineering. Compos Part B Eng 43:2192–2197
Carfì Pavia F, La Carrubba V, Brucato V et al (2009) Tuning of biodegradation rate of PLLA scaffolds via blending with PLA. Int J Mater Form 2:713–716
Conoscenti G, Schneider T, Stoelzel K et al (2017) PLLA scaffolds produced by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) allow human chondrocyte growth and extracellular matrix formation dependent on pore size. Mater Sci Eng C 80:449–459
Maquet V, Boccaccini AR, Pravata L et al (2003) Preparation, characterization, and in vitro degradation of bioresorbable and bioactive composites based on Bioglass(R)-filled polylactide foams. Biomed Mater Res A 66A:335–346
Maquet V, Boccaccini AR, Pravata L et al (2004) Porous poly(alpha-hydroxyacid)/Bioglass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. I: preparation and in vitro characterisation. Biomaterials 25:4185–4194
Boccaccini AR, Maquet V (2003) Bioresorbable and bioactive polymer/Bioglass® composites with tailored pore structure for tissue engineering applications. Compos Sci Technol 63:2417–2429
Akbarzadeh R, Yousefi A-M (2014) Effects of processing parameters in thermally induced phase separation technique on porous architecture of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 102:1304–1315
Mannella GA, Carfì Pavia F, Conoscenti G et al (2014) Evidence of mechanisms occurring in thermally induced phase separation of polymeric systems. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 52:979–983
Ghersi G, Carfì Pavia F, Conoscenti G et al (2016) PLLA Scaffold via TIPS for bone tissue engineering. Chem Eng Trans 49:301–306
Hoppe A, Meszaros R, Stähli C et al (2013) In vitro reactivity of Cu doped 45S5 Bioglass® derived scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 1:5659
Hoppe A, Jokic B, Janackovic D et al (2014) Cobalt-releasing 1393 bioactive glass-derived scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:2865–2877
Hua FJ, Park TG, Lee DS (2003) A facile preparation of highly interconnected macroporous poly(d, l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds by liquid-liquid phase separation of a PLGA-dioxane-water ternary system. Polymer (Guildf) 44:1911–1920
Hua FJ, Kim GE, Lee JD et al (2002) Macroporous poly(l-lactide) scaffold 1. Preparation of a macroporous scaffold by liquid–liquid phase separation of a PLLA–dioxane–water system. J Biomed Mater Res 63:161–167
Carfi Pavia F, La Carrubba V, Brucato V (2012) Morphology and thermal properties of foams prepared via thermally induced phase separation based on polylactic acid blends. J Cell Plast 48:399–407
Gong Y, Ma Z, Gao C et al (2006) Specially elaborated thermally induced phase separation to fabricate poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds with ultra large pores and good interconnectivity. J Appl Polym Sci 101:3336–3342
Sepulveda P, Jones RJ, Hench LL (2001) Characterization of melt-derived 45S5 and sol–gel–derived 58S bioactive glasses. J Biomed Mater Res 58:734–740
Ho ST, Hutmacher DW (2006) A comparison of micro CT with other techniques used in the characterization of scaffolds. Biomaterials 27:1362–1376
Zhang X, Thomas V, Vohra YK (2009) In Vitro biodegradation of designed tubular scaffolds of electrospun protein/polyglyconate blend fibers. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 89:135–147
Kokubo T, Takadama H (2006) How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity. Biomaterials 27:2907–2915. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017
Cerruti M, Greenspan D, Powers K (2005) Effect of pH and ionic strength on the reactivity of Bioglass 45S5. Biomaterials 26:1665–1674
Maçon ALB, Kim TB, Valliant EM et al (2015) A unified in vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of bioactive glasses and their variants. J Mater Sci Mater Med 26:1–10
Bai C, Franchin G, Elsayed H, et al. (2017) High-porosity geopolymer foams with tailored porosity for thermal insulation and wastewater treatment. J Mater Res 32:3251–3259
Zhang Y, Rodrigue D, Ait-Kadi A (2003) High-density polyethylene foams. I. Polymer and foam characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 90:2111–2119
Blaker JJ, Nazhat SN, Maquet V, Boccaccini AR (2011) Long-term in vitro degradation of PDLLA/Bioglass bone scaffolds in acellular simulated body fluid. Acta Biomater 7:829–840
Mi HY, Jing X, Salick MR et al (2014) Morphology, mechanical properties, and mineralization of rigid thermoplastic polyurethane/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue applications: effects of fabrication approaches and hydroxyapatite size. J Mater Sci 49:2324–2337. doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7931-3sss
Lim JI, Park HK (2012) Fabrication of macroporous chitosan/poly(l-lactide) hybrid scaffolds by sodium acetate particulate-leaching method. J Porous Mater 19:383–387
Krikorian V, Pochan D (2005) Crystallization behavior of poly (l-lactic acid) nanocomposites: nucleation and growth probed by infrared spectroscopy. Macromolecules 38:6520–6527
Ji L, Wang W, Jin D et al (2015) In vitro bioactivity and mechanical properties of bioactive glass nanoparticles/polycaprolactone composites. Mater Sci Eng C 46:1–9
Zhou S, Zheng X, Yu X et al (2007) Hydrogen Bonding Interaction of Poly(d, l-lactide)/hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites. Chem Mater 19:247–253
Blaker JJ, Maquet V, Jérôme R et al (2005) Mechanical properties of highly porous PDLLA/Bioglass® composite foams as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 1:643–652
Mannella GA, Conoscenti G, Carfì Pavia F et al (2015) Preparation of polymeric foams with a pore size gradient via Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS). Mater Lett 160:1–4
El-Kady AM, Saad EA, El-Hady BMA, Farag MM (2010) Synthesis of silicate glass/poly(l-lactide) composite scaffolds by freeze-extraction technique: characterization and in vitro bioactivity evaluation. Ceram Int 36:995–1009
Gerhardt LC, Widdows KL, Erol MM et al (2011) The pro-angiogenic properties of multi-functional bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 32:4096–4108
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR) (PRIN prot. 20089CWS4C-005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Conoscenti, G., Carfì Pavia, F., Ciraldo, F.E. et al. In vitro degradation and bioactivity of composite poly-l-lactic (PLLA)/bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds: comparison of 45S5 and 1393BG compositions. J Mater Sci 53, 2362–2374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1743-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1743-9