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Membrane crystallinity and fuel crossover in direct ethanol fuel cells with Nafion composite membranes containing phosphotungstic acid

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Abstract

We report on the effect of the addition of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) in Nafion membrane on ethanol-crossover and the proton conductivity for DEFC application. A set of PWA–Nafion composite membranes (PWA 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 wt%) was prepared by solution casting and their microstructures, diffraction patterns, permeability, and proton conductivity were systematically characterized. The significant reduction in ethanol-crossover is observed with increasing PWA concentration in PWA–Nafion membranes, which is mainly attributed to an improvement in crystallinity of the membrane. PWA provides additional nucleation sites during solidification leading to higher crystallinity, which is supported by the membrane permeability tests. The proton conductivity of the composites is enhanced with PWA concentration until 15 wt% due to an increase in hopping pathways, while higher PWA of 20 wt% leads to a conductivity decrease possibly due to the excessive particle aggregations that limit ion transports. These PWA–Nafion composites were implemented in prototype DEFC devices as a membrane and the maximum power density achieved was 22% higher than that of commercial Nafion-117 device.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully thank the Mid-career Researcher Program (No. 2010-0015063) and Conversion Research Center Program (No. 2011K000674) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and Basic Science Research Program (No. 2015R1D1A1A01056983) through the NRF, Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education for the financial support. S.L. acknowledges Baylor University faculty startup funds that supported this research. The work at Argonne (S.H., data analysis and contribution to manuscript writing) was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division. The authors also acknowledge technical support from the K-LAB.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea

    Hongjun Kim, Suran Kim, Chungik Oh, Jeongjae Ryu, Jaegyu Kim, Seungbum Hong & Kwangsoo No

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA

    Sunghwan Lee

  3. Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA

    Seungbum Hong

  4. Materials and Energy Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

    Eugene Park

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  1. Hongjun Kim
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Kim, H., Lee, S., Kim, S. et al. Membrane crystallinity and fuel crossover in direct ethanol fuel cells with Nafion composite membranes containing phosphotungstic acid. J Mater Sci 52, 2400–2412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0534-z

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