Abstract
Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) migratory populations in North America have declined over the last 20 years. Milkweed (Asclepias, Apocynaceae) is the primary larval host plant for monarchs. The primary conservation strategy for monarchs has been to build habitat, with a focus on milkweed seeds and plugs. However, not all milkweed may offer the same benefits for monarch conservation, as monarchs may prefer some taxa over others, or taxa may vary in the nutrients and protective toxins they provide. Comparisons of milkweed suitability have been made for milkweed taxa in the midwestern and eastern United States (U.S.), but very little is known about milkweeds found in the southwestern U.S. We tested female egg-laying preferences and larval performance in captivity on two species of milkweed commonly available for habitat plantings in the Southwest: Arizona milkweed (Asclepias angustifolia Schweig.) and pineneedle milkweed (A. linaria Cav.). We tested four measures of larval performance: survival, duration, mass and adult forewing length. Monarchs were more likely to lay eggs on Arizona milkweed than pineneedle milkweed. Larvae had a higher survival rate and grew more rapidly on Arizona milkweed, and adults from larvae raised on Arizona milkweed were larger than those raised on pineneedle milkweed. In the field, monarch caterpillars were more likely to be found on Arizona milkweed. We recommend Arizona milkweed for monarch habitat conservation projects in the Southwest within the natural range of Arizona milkweed, but that D. plexippus preference and performance be tested for additional western milkweed species.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Bureau of Land Management through cooperative agreement L16AC00021 and Monarch Joint Venture (Contract #0001208505). This project was supported by Desert Botanical Garden. We thank Steve Blackwell, Joe McAuliffe, Kimberlie McCue, Elaine McGinn, and Dustin Wolkis for their contributions to the study design and data collection. We thank the Desert Botanical Garden volunteers that contributed to this project, including Becka Berry, Lynn Fox, Woody Hanna, Sharla Hensiek, Peg Hiller, Karen Hunter, Sue Knowles, Jan Laufer, Bill Lemaire, Jesse Nguyen, Karen Paldhan, Mike Robinson, Darleen Sims, Edlyn Soderman and Maryann Taliaferro. We thank Lauren Warren and Laura Houghton for assistance with dusk checks. We thank Steve Blackwell, Shannon Fehlberg, Joe McAuliffe, Ron Rutowski and Heather Throop for reviewing the manuscript and Michael Olson for generously building a flight cage. Gail Morris and Southwest Monarch Study provided tags for this research, and we provided released monarch data to Southwest Monarch Study.
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Pegram, K.V., Melkonoff, N.A. Assessing preference and survival of Danaus plexippus on two western species of Asclepias. J Insect Conserv 24, 287–295 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00197-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-019-00197-z