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Archaeo-Tempestites and Coastal Taphonomy of Shell-Bearing Sites: Native American Sites in Florida as a Case Study

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Abstract

Energetic conditions during storms cause major geomorphological changes in coastal environments and drive taphonomic transformations of coastal archaeological sites. Facing the emerging realities of modern climate change and sea-level rise, archaeologists have justifiably focused on erosional processes and the loss of cultural heritage. However, sedimentologists have long recognized that storm-forcing also involves significant (re)depositional processes and the formation of supratidal features. Geoarchaeological research at partially inundated Native American shell mound sites in Tampa Bay, Florida, integrated topobathymetric aerial LiDAR with sub-surface testing to reconstruct complex site-formation histories. These histories include reworking of cultural deposits by contemporary, recent-historical, and ancient storms, forming archaeological tempestites—sediment deposits that have been scoured from and/or deposited within archaeological contexts by storm-forcing. Using sedimentological, zooarchaeological, and radiometric data, as well as post-storm observations, we present methods for recognizing storm-driven redeposition in coastal-estuarine archaeological contexts and demonstrate the potential of archaeo-tempestites for improving archaeological and paleoenvironmental interpretation. Storm-reworking of estuarine shell mounds on the Florida Gulf Coast produces diagnostic signatures in stratigraphy, granulometry, organic content, and mollusk-composition. Ephemeral ground surfaces and overwashed sand-sheets provide suitable loci for radiometric dating of past storm events (14C and OSL). We discuss inter- and intra-site variation among regional archaeo-tempestites to better understand late-Holocene ecosystem transfer and the long-term effects of shell-bearing sites on inshore-estuarine ecological conditions. We consider the absorption of energetic forcing as part of the life-history or use-life of shell-bearing features and suggest that a broader study of Indigenous coastal terraforming may aid modern coastal protection and management efforts.

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Data Availability

The data used in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

This study was made possible through the physical and intellectual labor of many scientists, students, and volunteers. We owe special thanks to Jeff Moates, Libby Royer, Chandler Burchfield, and Morrison Hatlen for invaluable assistance in the field and lab. We thank Hillsborough County Conservation and Environmental Lands and Terra Ceia Preserve State Park for facilitating site access and for working tirelessly to protect Tampa Bay’s natural and cultural resources. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for substantive comments that improved the clarity and quality of this article. Sampling permits were granted by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (permit 10301914) and the Florida Division of Historical Resources (permits 1920.045 and 1920.047). Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (awards 2024397 and 1821963), the Alliance for Weedon Island Archaeological Research and Education, and the PaleoWest Foundation.

Funding

Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (awards 2024397 and 1821963), the Alliance for Weedon Island Archaeological Research and Education, and the PaleoWest Foundation.

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  1. School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Kendal Jackson & Ping Wang

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Jaime A. Rogers & Thomas J. Pluckhahn

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by K.J., J.R., and T.P. The first draft of the manuscript was written by K.J. and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Jackson, K., Rogers, J.A., Wang, P. et al. Archaeo-Tempestites and Coastal Taphonomy of Shell-Bearing Sites: Native American Sites in Florida as a Case Study. J Archaeol Method Theory (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-024-09650-z

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