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Genealogies of Practice in and of the Environment in Banda, Ghana

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Abstract

Despite recent emphases on both environmental archaeology and practice theory in archaeology, the two are rarely combined. In this paper, we illustrate a genealogies of environmental practice approach that seeks to understand how human actions grounded in familiar repertoires make sense of environmental and political economic change. Employing archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data, we first examine taxon-specific genealogies of practice and then compare them to one another as well as to broader climatic, political, and economic contexts of the last millennium in Banda, west central Ghana. In focusing on the interactivities between different kinds of data, we coax out the strategies used by Banda’s inhabitants to cope with fluctuating environmental and political conditions. We argue that during a several centuries long drought in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries ad, Banda villagers took advantage of a diverse set of economic activities to cope with turbulence, but by the late nineteenth century, these opportunities had dwindled, diminishing the villagers’ practical options.

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Notes

  1. Mean calibrated ranges were calculated by summing the minimums and maximums of all calibrated dates at the 95% range for each ceramic phase and dividing each sum (minimums and maximums) by the total number of dates for that phase.

  2. Higher densities in Early Makala contexts are most certainly due to the exceptional preservation of one mound context, MK M5, where an accidental conflagration led to rapid abandonment of a kitchen area (Stahl 2001:169–171). Compared to pearl millet densities (2.35 seeds/l phase avg.), maize densities are miniscule.

  3. Unless specifically indicated otherwise, “density” as used here refers to NISP/m3 and not to the density of individual bony elements. The term “mean density” refers to the sum of all NISP for a given taxon within a period (1–7; Table 1) divided by the summed volumes for all contexts within that period (Table 6).

  4. We suspect that some examples of pipes associated with early periods (e.g. periods 2–3) may be intrusions from later levels, though there is little doubt that smoking pipes were being made and used in the area from period 3 times.

  5. Here we must consider the prospect under investigation by a GlobAfrica project spearheaded by Gerard Chouin (https://globafrica.hypotheses.org/280; accessed 6 January, 2017)–that the medieval plague pandemic may have reached sub-Saharan Africa. House rat (Rattus cf.)—thought to be the main vector—appears in periods 3 and 4 (Table 4), though only at the site that we suspect may have been home to a marketplace.

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Acknowledgements

Research reported was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation to Stahl (BCS 0751350, BCS 9410726, BCS 9911690) and Logan (BCS 1041948), as well as the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research to Stahl (5133) and Logan (N013044). All research was conducted with permission from the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board as well as the Banda Traditional Council and we are grateful for their support. Faunal remains were identified by Peter Stahl using comparative collections of the Archaeological Analytical Research Facility at Binghamton University and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. We extend grateful thanks to him and to the museum colleagues who facilitated his work at the AMNH. We also thank the many members of the Banda Research Project over the last three decades, whose fastidious excavation and collection efforts made this research possible.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Ave, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Amanda L. Logan

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Cornett Building Room B228, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada

    Ann B. Stahl

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Logan, A.L., Stahl, A.B. Genealogies of Practice in and of the Environment in Banda, Ghana. J Archaeol Method Theory 24, 1356–1399 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-017-9315-5

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