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Early Complex Society on the North and Central Peruvian Coast: New Archaeological Discoveries and New Insights

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Abstract

Archaeological data from the north and central Peruvian coast are presented here as a means to explore key themes relating to social complexity, including complex society and its origins, newly resolved chronological issues, the relationship between iconography and society, and the definition of a new culture. Focusing on an early time span, from ca. 3000 to 200 cal BC, we identify key questions about the trajectory through which early Andean complexity developed, and we discuss new ideas about the chronological placement of Cerro Sechín and Chavín de Huántar. We also use an intertextual approach to study the iconography of the complex Sechín Alto polity and as a means to demonstrate duality, social hierarchy, and the origin of symbols within the society’s iconography. Finally, we highlight a newly described polity, centered in the Nepeña Valley, that is important because its urban traits presage later cultural complexity and because the recognition of this polity demonstrates the potential for similar discoveries of comparable small polities.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for research at the Casma Valley sites was provided by the National Science Foundations Grants, BNS-8203452, BNS-8406598, SBR-9806833, BNS-0455333, and 0924535; the University of Texas-Pan American; the Curtiss T. Brennan and Mary G. Brennan Foundation; the H. John Heinz III Fund of the Heinz Family Foundation; the J. M. Kaplan Fund; the American Philosophical Society; Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research; the O’Neil and Netting Fund of Carnegie Museum of Natural History; and anonymous donations. Permission to excavate at the Casma Valley sites was granted by the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Cultura and the Ministerio de Cultura. We also thank our Peruvian codirectors, German Yenque, and Rosa Marin Jave as well as the numerous Peruvian and U.S. students and colleagues who participated in excavations and analysis. Finally, we also offer thanks to the numerous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.

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Pozorski, T., Pozorski, S. Early Complex Society on the North and Central Peruvian Coast: New Archaeological Discoveries and New Insights. J Archaeol Res 26, 353–386 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9113-3

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