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A newly discovered subtidal population of Undaria pinnatifida was determined not to be founded recently by the zoospores discharged from a nearby hatchery

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Abstract

Dalian is the most important farming region in China for the economically important kelp Undaria pinnatifida and there are several major hatcheries for seedling production of this alga in this region. The excess zoospores are discharged from the hatchery to the sea after the seeding process is completed. They are expected to have the potential to colonize the rocky reefs nearby and form a population in the wild. We discovered a subtidal wild population (W22) near the outlet of discharged seawater of a nearby hatchery in Dalian in 2022. Its origin was unclear. The sporophytes of W22 are characterized with some desirable economic traits and thus have the potential to be exploited for breeding purpose. Identification of its origin will be helpful for its better exploitation in the breeding program. In the present study we used informative mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites to analyze the genetic relationship of W22 with the farmed populations produced in the nearby hatchery and other wild populations from Dalian. The results showed that W22 was genetically close to other subtidal wild populations and some wild populations on the cultivation rafts, but highly differentiated from the farmed populations. We thereby confirm that W22 has not been founded recently by the zoospores discharged from the nearby hatchery and suggest that it has been derived from the introduced stocks from Korea in 1930s. The very limited pedigree of farmed populations detected in W22 suggests that it has not been impacted by the zoospores discharged from the hatchery. This study represents a case of successfully determining the origin of a newly discovered wild seaweed population through genetic analyses based on informative DNA markers.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank M. Zhang for his help in sample collection.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42176100), Biological Resources Program from Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-BRP-017–27), China Agriculture Research System (CARS-50), and the Foundation for Huiquan Scholar of Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Tifeng Shan, Yuqian Li & Shaojun Pang

  2. Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Tifeng Shan, Yuqian Li & Shaojun Pang

  3. Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Tifeng Shan, Yuqian Li & Shaojun Pang

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Yuqian Li

Authors
  1. Tifeng Shan
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  2. Yuqian Li
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  3. Shaojun Pang
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Contributions

Tifeng Shan: Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Writing-original draft. Yuqian Li: Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology. Shaojun Pang: Conceptualization; Funding acquisition; Supervision; Writing-Review & Editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tifeng Shan or Shaojun Pang.

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Supplementary Information

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10811_2023_2977_MOESM1_ESM.docx

Table S1 Genetic diversity of the wild and farmed populations of Undaria pinnatifida estimated using the mitochondrial cox3, tatC-tLeu, atp8-S and W-I sequences, respectively (DOCX 17 KB)

Table S2 Designation of the haplotypes of the concatenated sequences of cox3, tatC-tLeu, atp8-S and W-I (DOCX 16 KB)

10811_2023_2977_MOESM3_ESM.docx

Table S3 Genetic diversity of the wild and farmed Undaria pinnatifida populations estimated using 10 microsatellites (DOCX 21 KB)

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Shan, T., Li, Y. & Pang, S. A newly discovered subtidal population of Undaria pinnatifida was determined not to be founded recently by the zoospores discharged from a nearby hatchery. J Appl Phycol 35, 1957–1965 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-023-02977-2

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