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Morphology, growth, toxin production, and toxicity of cultured marine benthic dinoflagellates from Brazil and Cuba

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Abstract

The present study investigated selected benthic dinoflagellates isolated from different regions from the Western Atlantic, with respect to their morphology, growth, toxicity, and toxin production in culture. A total of nine strains of benthic dinoflagellates belonging to three genera were cultivated: Amphidinium massartii, Amphidinium operculatum (2 strains), Coolia malayensis (2 strains), Prorocentrum hoffmannianum (2 strains), and Prorocentrum mexicanum, whose morphological and genetic characterizations matched previous descriptions, and Prorocentrum sp., morphologically related to P. cf. norrissianum. The two strains of C. malayensis from Brazil attained the highest growth rates (0.42–0.47 day−1), but the lowest cell densities (2.2–2.9 × 104 cells mL−1) in culture. The highest cell densities were recorded for A. massartii from Cuba (3.8 × 105 cells mL−1). All species/strains investigated exhibited moderate toxicity to larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina; A. massartii being the most toxic species and Prorocentrum sp. the least one. Additionally, extracts of Prorocentrum species (P. hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum sp.) tested positive in mouse bioassays following intraperitoneal injection. Moderate to high concentrations of okadaic acid (OA), but no dinophysistoxins (DTXs), were found in both P. hoffmannianum strains from Cuba; but no diarrheic toxins were detected in either P. mexicanum from Cuba or Prorocentrum sp. from southern Brazil. Finally, five novel amphidinols were detected in cultures of both A. massartii (Cuba) and A. operculatum (Brazil) by LC-MS/MS, with molecular weights of 1440.8 (two isomers), 1360.8, 1287.7, and 984.6. These findings clearly indicate the need to include benthic species among the harmful microalgae surveyed in regional monitoring programs of phytoplankton.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are most grateful to CAPES and CNPq (Brazil) for the Ph.D. scholarship awarded to A.R.M.G. through the co-funded PEC-PG Program, to Fundação Araucária (Brazil) for the grant awarded to L.L.M., and to the Center of Electron Microscopy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) for the access to its facilities and technical assistance. Our sincere gratitude to Ligia F. G. da Luz (UFPR) for the assistance with graphic design, to Mutue T. Fujii (Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo) for the kind invitation to be part of the sampling campaign in Recife, to Carlos Eduardo J. A. Tibiriçá (UFPR) for his most valuable contributions to the mouse bioassays and gene sequence alignment, as well as to the Oceanography students from UFPR (Ecotoxicology Class, 2017) who assisted with the Artemia bioassays.

Funding

This study was supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through a Research Contract (Bentox Project, IAEA RC# 18827).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx, Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, 83255-976, Brazil

    Angel R. Moreira-González & Luiz L. Mafra Jr

  2. Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua, Km 1,5, AP, 5, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba

    Angel R. Moreira-González

  3. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Botânica, Cx, Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil

    Luciano F. Fernandes

  4. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-14-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan

    Hajime Uchida, Aya Uesugi & Toshiyuki Suzuki

  5. Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France

    Nicolas Chomérat & Gwenaël Bilien

  6. Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina. Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3988, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil

    Thiago Alves Pereira

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  1. Angel R. Moreira-González
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Moreira-González, A.R., Fernandes, L.F., Uchida, H. et al. Morphology, growth, toxin production, and toxicity of cultured marine benthic dinoflagellates from Brazil and Cuba. J Appl Phycol 31, 3699–3719 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01855-0

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