Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vestibular Function in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review was performed to investigate the characteristics of vestibular dysfunctions in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The majority of the included studies reported central and/or peripheral vestibular aberrations in a subset of these children. These alterations may result in symptoms of distorted motor coordination or postural instability, and might explain some of the balance problems observed in this population. However, high-quality studies with an extensive vestibular test battery are required to further characterize the vestibular function in NDDs since current findings are ambiguous and mainly based on evaluation of the horizontal semicircular canals alone. Importantly, since vestibular dysfunctions may result in comparable characteristics as found in NDDs, clinicians should be aware of these similarities when establishing the NDD diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Antoine, M. W., Vijayakumar, S., McKeehan, N., Jones, S. M., & Hébert, J. M. (2017). The severity of vestibular dysfunction in deafness as a determinant of comorbid hyperactivity or anxiety. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 5144–5154.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, A. J. (1978). Learning disabilities and the vestibular system. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11, 18–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, A. J., Robbins, J., McAtee, S., & Network, P. T. (2005). Sensory integration and the child: Understanding hidden sensory challenges. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, H. O., Wright, G., & Demanuele, F. (1971). The hot caloric test as a clinical screening device. Archives of Otolaryngology, 94, 335–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barmack, N. H. (2003). Central vestibular system: Vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum. Brain Research Bulletin, 60(5–6), 511–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bart, O., Bar-Haim, Y., Weizman, E., Levin, M., Sadeh, A., & Mintz, M. (2009). Balance treatment ameliorates anxiety and increases self-esteem in children with comorbid anxiety and balance disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 486–495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaton, A. A. (2002). Dyslexia and the cerebellar deficit hypothesis. Cortex, 38, 479–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, E. B., & Stoodley, C. J. (2013). Autism spectrum disorder and the cerebellum. International Review of Neurobiology, 113, 1–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolini, G., & Ramat, S. (2011). Velocity storage in the human vertical rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex. Experimental Brain Research, 209, 51–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besnard, S., Lopez, C., Brandt, T., Denise, P., & Smith, P. F. (2015). The vestibular system in cognitive and memory processes in mammalians. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 9, 55.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhowmik, A. D., Chaudhury, S., Dutta, S., Shaw, J., Chatterjee, A., Choudhury, A., et al. (2011). Role of functional dopaminergic gene polymorphisms in the etiology of idiopathic intellectual disability. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35, 1714–1722.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow, R. T., & Agrawal, Y. (2015). Vestibular involvement in cognition: Visuospatial ability, attention, executive function, and memory. Journal of Vestibular Research, 25, 73–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, F. O., Pesznecker, S., & Stallings, V. (2004). Permanent gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Otology & neurotology, 25, 559–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bledsoe, J., Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Pliszka, S. R. (2009). A magnetic resonance imaging study of the cerebellar vermis in chronically treated and treatment-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 620–624.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blomqvist, S., Olsson, J., Wallin, L., Wester, A., & Rehn, B. (2013). Adolescents with intellectual disability have reduced postural balance and muscle performance in trunk and lower limbs compared to peers without intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 198–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blomqvist, S., Wester, A., & Rehn, B. (2014). Postural muscle responses and adaptations to backward platform perturbations in young people with and without intellectual disability. Gait Posture, 39, 904–908.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, T., & Dieterich, M. (2019). Thalamocortical network: A core structure for integrative multimodal vestibular functions. Current Opinion in Neurology, 32(1), 154–164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, T., Schautzer, F., Hamilton, D. A., Brüning, R., Markowitsch, H. J., Kalla, R., et al. (2005). Vestibular loss causes hippocampal atrophy and impaired spatial memory in humans. Brain, 128, 2732–2741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braswell, J., & Rine, R. M. (2006). Evidence that vestibular hypofunction affects reading acuity in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 70, 1957–1965.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, R. L., Tinkler, S., Nicolson, R. I., & Fawcett, A. J. (2010). Striking the right balance: Motor difficulties in children and adults with dyslexia. Dyslexia, 16, 358–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brookler, K. H. (1971). Simultaneous bilateral bithermal caloric stimulation in electronystagmography. Laryngoscope, 81, 1014–1019.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B., Haegerstrom Portnoy, G., & Yingling, C. D. (1983). Dyslexic children have normal vestibular responses to rotation. Archives of Neurology, 40, 370–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bucci, M. P., Mélithe, D., Ajrezo, L., Bui-Quoc, E., & Gérard, C.-L. (2014). The influence of oculomotor tasks on postural control in dyslexic children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 981.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bucci, M. P., Stordeur, C., Acquaviva, E., Peyre, H., & Delorme, R. (2016). Postural instability in children with ADHD is improved by methylphenidate. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, 163.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buderath, P., Gärtner, K., Frings, M., Christiansen, H., Schoch, B., Konczak, J., et al. (2009). Postural and gait performance in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Gait & posture, 29, 249–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., & O’Keefe, J. (2002). The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory. Neuron, 35, 625–641.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byl, N., Byl, F., & Rosenthal, J. (1989). Interaction of spatial perception, vestibular function, and exercise in young school age boys with learning disabilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68, 727–738. [serial online].

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carson, T. B., Wilkes, B. J., Patel, K., Pineda, J. L., Ko, J. H., Newell, K. M., et al. (2017). Vestibulo-ocular reflex function in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 10, 251–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casselbrant, M. L., & Mandel, E. M. (2005). Balance disorders in children. Neurologic Clinics, 23, 807–829.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Liu, Q., Li, W., Deng, X., Yang, B., & Huang, X. (2018). Association of prenatal and childhood environment smoking exposure with puberty timing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 23, 33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christy, J. B. (2018). Considerations for Testing and Treating Children with Central Vestibular Impairments. In Seminars in hearing (pp. 321–333): Thieme Medical Publishers.

  • Cohen, H. (2013). Measures for level of functioning and quality of life in people with vestibular disorders. Introduction. Journal of Vestibular Research, 23, 269–270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, H., & Keshner, E. A. (1989). Current concepts of the vestibular system reviewed: 2. Visual/vestibular interaction and spatial orientation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 43, 331–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornu, V., Schiltz, C., Martin, R., & Hornung, C. (2018). Visuo-spatial abilities are key for young children’s verbal number skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 166, 604–620.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, A. C. (2011). An assessment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in persons with Down syndrome. Experimental Brain Research, 214, 199.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cushing, S. L., & Papsin, B. C. (2018). Cochlear implants and children with vestibular impairments. In Seminars in hearing (Vol. 39, No. 03, pp. 305-320). Thieme Medical Publishers.

  • Daily, D. K., Ardinger, H. H., & Holmes, G. E. (2000). Identification and evaluation of mental retardation. American Family Physician, 61(1059–1067), 1070.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannenbaum, E., Horne, V., Malik, F., Villeneuve, M., Salvo, L., Chilingaryan, G., et al. (2016). Vestibular assessments in children with global developmental delay: An exploratory study. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 28, 171–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Kegel, A., Maes, L., Baetens, T., Dhooge, I., & Van Waelvelde, H. (2012). The influence of a vestibular dysfunction on the motor development of hearing-impaired children. Laryngoscope, 122, 2837–2843.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deconinck, F. J., De Clercq, D., Van Coster, R., Oostra, A., Dewitte, G., Savelsbergh, G. J., et al. (2008). Sensory contributions to balance in boys with developmental coordination disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25, 17–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dellavia, C., Pallavera, A., Orlando, F., & Sforza, C. (2009). Postural stability of athletes in Special Olympics. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(2), 608–622.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deroualle, D., & Lopez, C. (2014). Toward a vestibular contribution to social cognition. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 8, 16.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dhondt, C., Dhooge, I., & Maes, L. (2018). Vestibular assessment in the pediatric population. The Laryngoscope, 129(2), 490–493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, A. P. A., & Basson, M. A. (2017). The neuroanatomy of autism—A developmental perspective. Journal of Anatomy, 230, 4–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doumas, M., McKenna, R., & Murphy, B. (2016). Postural control deficits in autism spectrum disorder: The role of sensory integration. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 853–861.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, C., Kei, J., Bates, D., & McPherson, B. (2003). Tympanometry and TEOAE testing of children with Down syndrome in special schools. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology, The, 25, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Bassyouni, H., & Zaki, M. (2015). Idiopathic Intellectual Disability and Dermatoglyphics Abnormalities.

  • Enkelaar, L., Smulders, E., van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H., Geurts, A. C., & Weerdesteyn, V. (2012). A review of balance and gait capacities in relation to falls in persons with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 291–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fatemi, S. H., Aldinger, K. A., Ashwood, P., Bauman, M. L., Blaha, C. D., Blatt, G. J., et al. (2012). Consensus paper: Pathological role of the cerebellum in autism. Cerebellum (London, England), 11, 777–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrè, E. R., & Harris, L. R. (2017). Vestibular cognition. Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fong, S. S., Tsang, W. W., & Ng, G. Y. (2012). Altered postural control strategies and sensory organization in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 31, 1317–1327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, K. A., Hass, C. J., Naik, S. K., Lodha, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010a). Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: A synthesis and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1227–1240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, K. A., Kimberg, C. I., Radonovich, K. J., Tillman, M. D., Chow, J. W., Lewis, M. H., et al. (2010b). Decreased static and dynamic postural control in children with autism spectrum disorders. Gait & Posture, 32, 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franco, E. S., & Panhoca, I. (2008). Vestibular function in children underperforming at school. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 74, 815–825.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, S. M., & Greenlee, M. W. (2018). The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: More than a single area? Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(3), 1438–1450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, J., & Levinson, H. (1973). Dysmetric dyslexia and dyspraxia. Hypothesis and study. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 12, 690–701.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, G. C., & Chow, B. (2006). Relationship between BMI, physical fitness, and motor skills in youth with mild intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Obesity (London), 30(5), 861–867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, J. M., Osorio, M. J., & Minshew, N. J. (2015). Visual and vestibular induced eye movements in verbal children and adults with autism. Autism Research, 8, 658–667.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ganança, C., Souza, J., Segatin, L., Caovilla, H., & Ganança, M. (2000). Normal limits of parameters for evaluation with digital electronystagmography neurograff. Acta Awho, 19, 105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gioacchini, F. M., Alicandri-Ciufelli, M., Kaleci, S., Magliulo, G., & Re, M. (2014). Prevalence and diagnosis of vestibular disorders in children: A review. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 78, 718–724.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giovagnoli, G., Vicari, S., Tomassetti, S., & Menghini, D. (2016). The role of visual-spatial abilities in dyslexia: Age differences in children’s reading? Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1997.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, M., Schwabova, J. P., Hlavka, Z., Ptacek, R., & Surman, C. B. (2017). Dynamic balance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with cognitive functions and cerebellum. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 873.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, M. C., Landa, R., Lasker, A., Cooper, L., & Zee, D. S. (2000). Evidence of normal cerebellar control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 519–524.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, S., Wang, C., Salgado, M. W., Greene, P. E., Kim, M., & Rapin, I. (2009). Motor stereotypies in children with autism and other developmental disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 51, 30–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goulème, N., Scheid, I., Peyre, H., Maruani, A., Clarke, J., Delorme, R., et al. (2017). Spatial and temporal analysis of postural control in children with high functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 40, 13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, W., & Test, G. O. R. (1963). Bobbs-Merrill. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grgic, J., Dumuid, D., Bengoechea, E. G., Shrestha, N., Bauman, A., Olds, T., et al. (2018). Health outcomes associated with reallocations of time between sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity: A systematic scoping review of isotemporal substitution studies. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15, 69.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grove, C. R., & Lazarus, J.-A. C. (2007). Impaired re-weighting of sensory feedback for maintenance of postural control in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 26, 457–476.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guinand, N., Boselie, F., Guyot, J.-P., & Kingma, H. (2012). Quality of life of patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 121, 471–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurvich, C., Maller, J. J., Haghgooie, S., & Kulkarni, J. (2013). Vestibular insights into cognition and psychiatry. Brain Research, 1537, 244–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi, G., & Curthoys, I. S. (1988). A clinical sign of canal paresis. Archives of Neurology, 45, 737–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi, G., Chen, L., MacDougall, H. G., Weber, K. P., McGarvie, L. A., & Curthoys, I. S. (2017). The video head impulse test. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 258.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hanes, D. A., & McCollum, G. (2006). Cognitive-vestibular interactions: A review of patient difficulties and possible mechanisms. Journal of Vestibular Research, 16, 75–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, S. R. (2017). Early motor delays as diagnostic clues in autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Pediatrics, 176, 1259–1262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, E., Houwen, S., Scherder, E., & Visscher, C. (2010). On the relationship between motor performance and executive functioning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 468–477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, D. M., & Azzam, H. (2012). Sensory integration in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Implications to postural control. In Contemporary trends in ADHD research: InTech.

  • Herer, G. R. (2012). Intellectual disabilities and hearing loss. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 33, 252–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, R., Álvarez-Pasquin, M. J., Díaz, C., Del Barrio, J. L., Estrada, J. M., & Gil, Á. (2013). Are healthcare workers’ intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. BMC public health, 13, 154.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hey, C., Fessler, S., Hafner, N., Lange, B., Euler, H., & Neumann, K. (2014). High prevalence of hearing loss at the Special Olympics: Is this representative of people with intellectual disability? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27, 125–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hitier, M., Besnard, S., & Smith, P. F. (2014). Vestibular pathways involved in cognition. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 8, 59.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Horak, F. B., Shumway-Cook, A., & Black, F. O. (1988). Vestibular function and motor proficiency of children with impaired hearing, or with learning disability and motor impairments. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 30, 64–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hove, M. J., Zeffiro, T. A., Biederman, J., Li, Z., Schmahmann, J., & Valera, E. M. (2015). Postural sway and regional cerebellar volume in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. NeuroImage: Clinical, 8, 422–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphriss, R. L., & Hall, A. J. (2011). Dizziness in 10 year old children: An epidemiological study. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 75, 395–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki, T., Morita, N., Cureoglu, S., Schachern, P. A., Nomiya, S., Nomiya, R., et al. (2011). Peripheral vestibular system in Down syndrome: Quantitative assessment of vestibular histopathology. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 144, 280–283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inder, J. M., & Sullivan, S. J. (2005). Motor and postural response profiles of four children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 17, 18–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A., Iwasaki, S., Ushio, M., Chihara, Y., Fujimoto, C., Egami, N., et al. (2013). Effect of vestibular dysfunction on the development of gross motor function in children with profound hearing loss. Audiology and Neuro-Otology, 18, 143–151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, V., Olmedo, D., Aboitiz, F., & Delano, P. H. (2017). Altered cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, R. G., & Furman, J. M. (2001). Psychiatric consequences of vestibular dysfunction. Current Opinion in Neurology, 14, 41–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, R. G., Furman, J. M., Durrant, J. D., & Turner, S. M. (1996). Panic, agoraphobia, and vestibular dysfunction. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, K. (2016). Vertigo and dizziness in children. In Handbook of clinical neurology (pp. 353-363): Elsevier.

  • Jahn, K., Langhagen, T., Schroeder, A., & Heinen, F. (2011). Vertigo and dizziness in childhood—Update on diagnosis and treatment. Neuropediatrics, 42, 129–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, K., Langhagen, T., & Heinen, F. (2015). Vertigo and dizziness in children. Current Opinion in Neurology, 28(1), 78–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janky, K., & Givens, D. (2015). Vestibular, visual acuity and balance outcomes in children with cochlear implants: A preliminary report. Ear and Hearing, 36, e364.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jerabek, J., & Krejcova, H. (1991). Oculomotor and vestibular findings in developmental dyslexia. Acta Otolaryngologica, Supplementum 481, 513–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaga, K. (1996). Development of balance in infants and children with congenital vestibular loss, congenital blindness and mental retardation. Equilibrium Research, 55, 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaga, K., Maeda, H., & Suzuki, J. (1988). Development of righting reflexes, gross motor functions and balance in infants with labyrinth hypoactivity with or without mental retardation. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 41, 152–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karam, S. M., Barros, A. J. D., Matijasevich, A., dos Santos, I. S., Anselmi, L., Barros, F., et al. (2016). Intellectual disability in a birth cohort: Prevalence, etiology, and determinants at the age of 4 years. Public Health Genomics, 19, 290–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. M., Hyun, G. J., Jung, T. W., Son, Y. D., Cho, I. H., Kee, B. S., et al. (2017). Balance deficit and brain connectivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry investigation, 14(4), 452.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kobrak, F. (1920). Zur Frage einer exakten meßbarkeit der Sensibilität des Vestibularapparates. Archiv für Ohren-, Nasen-und Kehlkopfheilkunde, 105, 132–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreivinienė, B. (2016). Vestibular sensory dysfunction: Neuroscience and psychosocial behaviour overview. Social Welfare: Interdisciplinary Approach, 2, 184–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremmyda, O., Hüfner, K., Flanagin, V. L., Hamilton, D. A., Linn, J., Strupp, M., et al. (2016). Beyond dizziness: Virtual navigation, spatial anxiety and hippocampal volume in bilateral vestibulopathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 139.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. H., Lee, S. B., Kim, Y. J., Kong, W.-K., & Kim, H.-M. (2014). Utility of psychological screening for the diagnosis of pediatric episodic vertigo. Otology & Neurotology, 35, e324–e330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S. (2015). The neurology of eye movements. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. N. (1988). The cerebellar-vestibular basis of learning disabilities in children, adolescents and adults: hypothesis and study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67, 983–1006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. N. (1990). The diagnostic value of cerebellar-vestibular tests in detecting learning disabilities, dyslexia, and attention deficit disorder. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 67–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, H. N. (1991). Dramatic favorable responses of children with learning disabilities or dyslexia and attention deficit disorder to antimotion sickness medications: Four case reports. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 73, 723–738.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C.-M., Hoffman, H. J., Ward, B. K., Cohen, H. S., & Rine, R. M. (2016). Epidemiology of dizziness and balance problems in children in the United States: A population-based study. The Journal of pediatrics, 171(240–247), e243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., et al. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62, e1–e34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, Y. H., Partridge, K., Girdler, S., & Morris, S. L. (2017). Standing postural control in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 2238–2253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipowska, M., Czaplewska, E., & Wysocka, A. (2011). Visuospatial deficits of dyslexic children. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 17, CR216–CR221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, W.-Y., Lien, H.-Y., Wang, H.-S., Wong, A. M.-K., Tang, S. F.-T., & Lin, Y.-H. (2015). Deficits in sensory organization for postural stability in children with Tourette syndrome. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 129, S36–S40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, C., & Blanke, O. (2011). The thalamocortical vestibular system in animals and humans. Brain Research Reviews, 67(1–2), 119–146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotfi, Y., Rezazadeh, N., Moossavi, A., Haghgoo, H. A., Rostami, R., Bakhshi, E., et al. (2017a). Preliminary evidence of improved cognitive performance following vestibular rehabilitation in children with combined ADHD (cADHD) and concurrent vestibular impairment. Auris, Nasus, Larynx, 44, 700–707.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotfi, Y., Rezazadeh, N., Moossavi, A., Haghgoo, H. A., Rostami, R., Bakhshi, E., et al. (2017b). Rotational and collic vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing in normal developing children and children with combined attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ear and Hearing, 38, e352–e358.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukasova, K., Silva, I. P., & Macedo, E. C. (2016). Impaired oculomotor behavior of children with developmental dyslexia in antisaccades and predictive saccades tasks. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 987.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lyall, K., Croen, L., Daniels, J., Fallin, M. D., Ladd-Acosta, C., Lee, B. K., et al. (2017). The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 38, 81–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, M., Lord, C., & Ulrich, D. A. (2013). The relationship of motor skills and social communicative skills in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 30, 271–282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, L., De Kegel, A., Van Waelvelde, H., & Dhooge, I. (2014). Rotatory and collic vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children. Ear and Hearing, 35, e21–e32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 4398–4403.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Makris, N., Liang, L., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Brown, A. B., Petty, C., et al. (2015). Toward defining the neural substrates of ADHD: A controlled structural MRI study in medication-naive adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19, 944–953.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manicolo, O., Grob, A., & Hagmann-von Arx, P. (2017). Gait in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a dual-task paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 34.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCaslin, D. L., Jacobson, G. P., & Gruenwald, J. M. (2011). The predominant forms of vertigo in children and their associated findings on balance function testing. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 44(291–307), vii.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie, K., Milton, M., Smith, G., & Ouellette-Kuntz, H. (2016). Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of intellectual disabilities: Current trends and issues. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 3, 104–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medeiros, I. R., Bittar, R. S., Pedalini, M. E., Lorenzi, M. C., Formigoni, L. G., & Bento, R. F. (2005). Vestibular rehabilitation therapy in children. Otology and Neurotology, 26, 699–703.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendel, B., Bergenius, J., & Langius, A. (1999). Dizziness symptom severity and impact on daily living as perceived by patients suffering from peripheral vestibular disorder. Clinical Otolaryngology, 24, 286–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meuwese-Jongejeugd, A., Vink, M., van Zanten, B., Verschuure, H., Eichhorn, E., Koopman, D., et al. (2006). Prevalence of hearing loss in 1598 adults with an intellectual disability: Cross-sectional population based study. International Journal of Audiology, 45, 660–669.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minshew, N. J., Sung, K., Jones, B. L., & Furman, J. M. (2004). Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology, 63, 2056–2061.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsiou, M., Giagazoglou, P., Sidiropoulou, M., Kotsikas, G., Tsimaras, V., & Fotiadou, E. (2016). Static balance ability in children with developmental coordination disorder. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 11, 17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modesti, P. A., Reboldi, G., Cappuccio, F. P., Agyemang, C., Remuzzi, G., Rapi, S., et al. (2016). Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11, e0147601.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Molloy, C. A., Dietrich, K. N., & Bhattacharya, A. (2003). Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 643–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales-Hidalgo, P., Roige-Castellvi, J., Hernandez-Martinez, C., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2018). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among spanish school-age children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(9), 3176–3190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosconi, M. W., & Sweeney, J. A. (2015). Sensorimotor dysfunctions as primary features of autism spectrum disorders. Science China Life Sciences, 58, 1016–1023.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moser, I., Vibert, D., Caversaccio, M. D., & Mast, F. W. (2017). Impaired math achievement in patients with acute vestibular neuritis. Neuropsychologia, 107, 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nascimbeni, A., Gaffuri, A., Penno, A., & Tavoni, M. (2010). Dual task interference during gait in patients with unilateral vestibular disorders. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 7, 47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Niklasson, M., Lic, P., Rasmussen, P. A., Niklasson, I. S., & Norlander, T. (2018). Developmental Coordination Disorder: The importance of grounded assessments and interventions. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2409.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, R., Grindle, C., Zwicky, E. F., & Morlet, T. (2011). Development of the vestibular system and balance function: Differential diagnosis in the pediatric population. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 44, 251–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M. (1973). Childhood autism—A review of the clinical and experimental literature. California Medicine, 118, 21–47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M. (1983). The Functional Neuroanatomy Of Infantile Autism. International Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 85–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., Mason, A., & Putnam, N. H. (1974). Effect of visual input on vestibular nystagmus in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 369–375.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M., Atwell, C. W., Kaplan, A. R., & Westlake, J. R. (1985). Brain-stem dysfunction in autism. Results of vestibular stimulation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1018–1025.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ottenbacher, K. (1978). Identifying vestibular procession dysfunction in learning-disabled children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 32, 217–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottenbacher, K., Abbott, C., Haley, D., & Watson, P. J. (1984). Human figure drawing ability and vestibular processing dysfunction in learning-disabled children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1084–1089.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos, N., McGinley, J. L., Bradshaw, J. L., & Rinehart, N. J. (2014). An investigation of gait in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A case controlled study. Psychiatry Research, 218, 319–323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phagava, H., Muratori, F., Einspieler, C., Maestro, S., Apicella, F., Guzzetta, A., et al. (2008). General movements in infants with autism spectrum disorders. Georgian Medical News, 156, 100–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, J. R., Hewedi, D. H., Eissa, A. M., & Moustafa, A. A. (2015). The cerebellum and psychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, 66.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pitetti, K., Miller, R. A., & Loovis, M. (2017). Balance and coordination capacities of male children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 34(1), 1–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 942–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polatajko, H. J. (1985). A critical look at vestibular dysfunction in learning-disabled children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 27, 283–292.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, D., & Whiteley, H. (2003). Developmental dyslexia, cerebellar/vestibular brain function and possible links to exercise-based interventions: A review. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 18, 109–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popp, P., Wulff, M., Finke, K., Rühl, M., Brandt, T., & Dieterich, M. (2017). Cognitive deficits in patients with a chronic vestibular failure. Journal of Neurology, 264, 554–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rambold, H. (2017). Clinical value of rotational-chair testing in vestibular disease. Clinics of Otorhinolaryngology, 2017(1), 1–013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauch, A., Hoyer, J., Guth, S., Zweier, C., Kraus, C., Becker, C., et al. (2006). Diagnostic yield of various genetic approaches in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140, 2063–2074.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Razuk, M., Barela, J. A., Peyre, H., Gerard, C. L., & Bucci, M. P. (2018). Eye movements and postural control in dyslexic children performing different visual tasks. PLoS ONE, 13, e0198001.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reale, L., Guarnera, M., Grillo, C., Maiolino, L., Ruta, L., & Mazzone, L. (2011). Psychological assessment in children and adolescents with Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo. Brain and Development, 33(2), 125–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rine, R. M. (2009). Growing evidence for balance and vestibular problems in children. Audiological Medicine, 7, 138–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rine, R. M., & Wiener-Vacher, S. (2013). Evaluation and treatment of vestibular dysfunction in children. NeuroRehabilitation, 32, 507–518.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risey, J., & Briner, W. (1990). Dyscalculia in patients with vertigo. Journal of Vestibular Research, 1, 31–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritvo, E. R., Ornitz, E. M., Eviatar, A., Markham, C. H., Brown, M. B., & Mason, A. (1969). Decreased postrotatory nystagmus in early infantile autism. Neurology, 19, 653–658.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). The social communication questionnaire: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T., & Coghill, D. (2018). ADHD in children and young people: Prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry, 5, 175–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shevell, M., Ashwal, S., Donley, D., Flint, J., Gingold, M., Hirtz, D., et al. (2003). Practice parameter: Evaluation of the child with global developmental delay Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and The Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 60, 367–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, L. B. (1987). A review of the current controversial approaches for treating learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 498–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, J., Daly, D., Theodorou, F., Caron, C., Simons, J., & Andoniadou, E. (2008). Validity and reliability of the TGMD-2 in 7–10-year-old Flemish children with intellectual disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(1), 71–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Gupta, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2012). Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in children with sensorineural hearing loss. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 76, 1308–1311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skefos, J., Cummings, C., Enzer, K., Holiday, J., Weed, K., Levy, E., et al. (2014). Regional alterations in purkinje cell density in patients with autism. PLoS ONE, 9, e81255.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. F. (2012). Dyscalculia and vestibular function. Medical Hypotheses, 79, 493–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. F. (2017). The vestibular system and cognition. Current Opinion in Neurology, 30, 84–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanfield, A. C., McIntosh, A. M., Spencer, M. D., Philip, R., Gaur, S., & Lawrie, S. M. (2008). Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. European Psychiatry, 23, 289–299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, L., & Smith, P. F. (2015). The vestibular–basal ganglia connection: Balancing motor control. Brain Research, 1597, 180–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stins, J. F., & Emck, C. (2018). Balance performance in autism: A brief overview. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 901.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stockwell, C. W., Sherard, E. S., & Schuler, J. V. (1976). Electronystagmographic findings in dyslexic children. Transactions. Section on Otolaryngology. American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology., 82, 239–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoodley, C. J., & Stein, J. F. (2013). Cerebellar function in developmental dyslexia. The Cerebellum, 12, 267–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strupp, M., Feil, K., Dieterich, M., & Brandt, T. (2016). Bilateral vestibulopathy. In J. M. Furman & T. Lempert (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (pp. 235–240). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, K., Brandenburg, C., Orsati, F., Soghomonian, J. J., Hussman, J. P., & Blatt, G. J. (2017). Basal ganglia and autism—A translational perspective. Autism Research, 10, 1751–1775.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sumerson, J. M. (1985). Auditory and vestibular findings in dyslexic children. Transactions Pennsylvania Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, 37, 196–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, D. Q., Ward, B. K., Semenov, Y. R., Carey, J. P., & Della Santina, C. C. (2014). Bilateral vestibular deficiency: Quality of life and economic implications. JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 140, 527–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szucs, D., Devine, A., Soltesz, F., Nobes, A., & Gabriel, F. (2013). Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment. Cortex, 49, 2674–2688.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, A., Cooper, M., & Rutter, M. (2017). Neurodevelopmental disorders. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 339–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135, e994–e1001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tilikete, C., & Vighetto, A. (2011). Oscillopsia: Causes and management. Current Opinion in Neurology, 24, 38–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traut, N., Beggiato, A., Bourgeron, T., Delorme, R., Rondi-Reig, L., Paradis, A. L., et al. (2018). Cerebellar volume in Autism: Literature meta-analysis and analysis of the autism brain imaging data exchange cohort. Biological Psychiatry, 83, 579–588.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Berg, R., van Tilburg, M., & Kingma, H. (2015). Bilateral vestibular hypofunction: challenges in establishing the diagnosis in adults. ORL: Journal for Oto-rhino-laryngology and Its Related Specialties, 77, 197–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verbecque, E., Marijnissen, T., De Belder, N., Van Rompaey, V., Boudewyns, A., Van de Heyning, P., et al. (2017). Vestibular (dys)function in children with sensorineural hearing loss: A systematic review. International Journal of Audiology, 56, 361–381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vuijk, P. J., Hartman, E., Scherder, E., & Visscher, C. (2010). Motor performance of children with mild intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(11), 955–965.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waespe, W., Cohen, B., & Raphan, T. (1985). Dynamic modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by the nodulus and uvula. Science, 228, 199–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Ren, Y. (2003). [A case-control study on balance function of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children]. Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University Health Sciences, 35, 280–283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. J., Sparks, B.-F., Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D. W., Giedd, J., Dawson, G., et al. (2009). Cerebellar vermal volumes and behavioral correlates in children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 172, 61–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D., & Hsiao-pin, C. (2011). WASI II: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A. H., & Phillips, J. O. (2006). Congenital and compensated vestibular dysfunction in childhood: An overlooked entity. The Journal of Child Neurology, 21, 572–579.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welgampola, M. S., & Colebatch, J. G. (2005). Characteristics and clinical applications of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Neurology, 64, 1682–1688.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G., Shea, B., O’Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., et al. (2014). Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, Cohort Studies. In.

  • Westerman, S. T., Gilbert, L. M., & Madusky, L. G. (1982). Medical evaluation and treatment of eighth-nerve disorders in the learning disabled child. The Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 79, 95–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener-Vacher, S. R., Obeid, R., & Abou-Elew, M. (2012). Vestibular impairment after bacterial meningitis delays infant posturomotor development. Journal of Pediatrics, 161, 246–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener-Vacher, S. R., Hamilton, D. A., & Wiener, S. I. (2013). Vestibular activity and cognitive development in children: Perspectives. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, 92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener-Vacher, S. R., Quarez, J., & Priol, A. L. (2018). Epidemiology of vestibular impairments in a pediatric population. Seminars in Hearing, 39, 229–242.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2018). The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th ed. (ICD-11). http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/.

  • Xu, G., Strathearn, L., Liu, B., et al. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among US Children and Adolescents, 2014-2016. JAMA, 319, 81–82.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yardley, L., Gardner, M., Bronstein, A., & Bao, W. (2001). Interference between postural control and mental task performance in patients with vestibular disorder and healthy controls. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 71, 48–52.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zang, Y., Gu, B., Qian, Q., & Wang, Y. (2002). Objective measurement of the balance dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 6, 1372–1374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zingler, V. C., Weintz, E., Jahn, K., Huppert, D., Cnyrim, C., Brandt, T., et al. (2009). Causative factors, epidemiology, and follow-up of bilateral vestibulopathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1164, 505–508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • zu Eulenburg, P., Caspers, S., Roski, C., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012). Meta-analytical definition and functional connectivity of the human vestibular cortex. Neuroimage, 60(1), 162–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zur, O., Ronen, A., Melzer, I., & Carmeli, E. (2013). Vestibulo-ocular response and balance control in children and young adults with mild-to-moderate intellectual and developmental disability: A pilot study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1951–1957.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Ruth Van Hecke, Maya Danneels, Hilde Van Waelvelde & Leen Maes

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Ingeborg Dhooge & Leen Maes

  3. Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Ingeborg Dhooge

  4. Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Jan R. Wiersema

  5. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Frederik J. A. Deconinck

Authors
  1. Ruth Van Hecke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maya Danneels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ingeborg Dhooge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hilde Van Waelvelde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jan R. Wiersema
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Frederik J. A. Deconinck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Leen Maes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RVH, MD and LM performed the literature search and screening. RVH drafted the initial manuscript, and improved revised versions. All authors assisted in the interpretation of literature findings based on their own expertise, and critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruth Van Hecke.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Van Hecke, R., Danneels, M., Dhooge, I. et al. Vestibular Function in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review. J Autism Dev Disord 49, 3328–3350 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04059-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04059-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation