Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Does Quality of Life Differ for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability Compared to Peers Without Autism?

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The main goal was to test if children with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show lower quality of life (QOL) in comparison to those with only ID. The KidsLife Scale was applied to 1060 children with ID, 25% of whom also had ASD, aged 4–21 years old. Those with ASD showed lower scores in several QOL domains but, when the effect of other variables was controlled, lower scores were only kept for interpersonal relationships, social inclusion, and physical wellbeing. Slightly higher scores were found for material wellbeing. ASD, Level of ID and support needs were the covariables with the greatest influence in most domains, while gender was only significant for social inclusion (girls scored lower than boys).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amiet, C., Gourfinkel-An, I., Bouzamondo, A., Tordjman, S., Baulac, M., Lechat, P., et al. (2008). Epilepsy in autism is associated with intellectual disability and gender: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 64(7), 577–582. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, E. E., & Carter, E. W. (2016). Quality of life for transition-age youth with autism or intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 190–204. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2563-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, E. A., Summers, J. A., Wood, H. L., & Bryson, S. E. (2004). Comparing rates of psychiatric and behavior disorders in adolescents and young adults with severe intellectual disability with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 151–161. doi:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022606.97580.19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. I., Schalock, R. L., & Brown, I. (2009). Special issue: Quality of life and its applications. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disability, 6, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, S. E., Bradley, E. A., Thompson, A., & Wainwright, A. (2008). Prevalence of autism among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 449–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buntinx, H. E., & Schalock, R. L. (2010). Models of disability, quality of life, and individualized supports: implications for professional practice in intellectual disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7(4), 283–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbó-Carreté, M., Guàrdia-Olmos, J., & Giné, C. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the personal outcomes scale. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15, 236–252.

  • Centers for Disease Control. (2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008. Surveillance Summaries, 61(SS03), 1–19. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm.

  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, H., & Wineman, I. (2014). Factors associated with quality of life in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A review of literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 974–986. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.05.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, C., van Hove, G., van Loon, J., Vandevelde, S., & Schalock, R. L. (2010). Quality of life measurement in the field of intellectual disabilities: Eight principles for assessing quality of life-related personal outcomes. Social Indicators Research, 98(1), 61–72. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9517-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, C., van Hove, G., Vandevelde, S., van Loon, J., & Schalock, R. L. (2012). The influence of supports strategies, environmental factors, and client characteristics on quality of life-related personal outcomes. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 96–103. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. G., Magill-Evans, J. E., & Koning, C. J. (2015). Youth with autism spectrum disorders: Self- and proxy-reported quality of life and adaptive functioning. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 30, 57–64. doi:10.1177/1088357614522289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. Auflage). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, R. A. (2005). Moving from the quality of life concept to a theory. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 699–706. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00738.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, M., & Geurts, H. M. (2015). Influence of autism traits and executive functioning on quality of life in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 2734–2743. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2438-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16, 51–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felce, D., Perry, J., Lowe, K., & Jones, E. (2011). The impact of autism or severe challenging behaviour on lifestyle outcome in community housing. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24, 95–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Alcedo, M. Á., Arias, B., Fontanil, Y., Arias, V. B., Monsalve, A., & Verdugo, M. Á. (2016b). A new scale for the measurement of quality of life in children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53, 399–410. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Arias, B., Verdugo, M. Á., Tassé, M. J., & Brown, I. (2015b). Operationalisation of quality of life for adults with severe disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(10), 925–941. doi:10.1111/jir.12204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Peña, E., Alcedo, M. Á., Monsalve, A., Fontanil, Y., Arias, B., & Verdugo, M. Á. (2014). The construct of quality of life concept in children and adolescents with profound and multiple disabilities: A proposal for its assessment. Siglo Cero, 45(1), 56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Peña, E., Arias, B., & Verdugo, M. Á. (2016a). Impact of individual and organizational variables on quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 125(2), 649–664. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2013.05.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. A., Arias, B., Navas, P., & Schalock, R. L. (2013). The development and use of provider profiles at the organizational and systems level. Evaluation and Program Planning, 40, 17–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. Á., & Arias, B. (2010). Individual quality of life: Advances on its conceptualization and emerging challenges in the intellectual disability field. Behavioral Psychology, 18, 453–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. Á., & Arias, B. (2015a). Validity and reliability of the INICO-FEAPS Scale: An assessment of quality of life for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 36, 600–610. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.049.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halladay, A. K., Bishop, S., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, A. M., Koenig, K., Palmer, K., et al. (2015). Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority. Molecular Autism, 6, 36–41. doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0019-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 212–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, E., Hinckson, E., & Krägeloh, C. (2014). Assessment of quality of life in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: A critical review. Quality of Life Research, 23, 1069–1085. doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0591-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, E., Krägeloh, C., Water, T., Erica, A., & Hinckson, E. A. (2016). An exploratory study of self-reported quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Child Indicators Research, 9, 133–153. doi:10.1007/s12187-015-9307-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenaro, C., Verdugo, M. A., Caballo, C., Balboni, G., Lachapelle, Y., Otbrebski, W., et al. (2005). Cross-cultural study of person-centered quality of life domains and indicators: A replication. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 734–739. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00742.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K., & Goldberger, A. S. (1975). Estimation of a model with a multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. Journal of American Statistical Association, 70, 631–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamp-Becker, I., Schröder, J., Muehlan, H., Remschmidt, H., Becker, K., & Bachmann, C. J. (2011). Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Zeitschrift für. Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 39, 123–131. doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000098.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2013). A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2584–2603. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1811-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kose, S., Erermis, S., Ozturk, O., Ozbaran, B., Demiral, N., Bildik, T., et al. (2013). Health related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorders: The clinical and demographic related factors in Turkey. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlthau, K., Kovacs, E. A., Hall, T., Clemmons, T., Orlich, F., Delahaye, J., & Sikora, D. (2013). Health-related quality of life for children with ASD: Associations with behavioral characteristics. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 1035–1042. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.04.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlthau, K., Orlich, F., Hall, T. A., Sikora, D., Kovacs, E. A., Delahaye, J., et al. (2010). Health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorders: Results from the autism treatment network. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 721–729. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0921-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Salvini, R., & Placidi, G. F. (2004). Autism and intellectual disability: A study of prevalence on a sample of the Italian population. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(3), 262–267. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00567.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L., Harrington, R. A., Louie, B. B., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2008). Children with autism: Quality of life and parental concerns. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1147–1160. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0491-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi, M., Croce, L., Claes, C., Vandevelde, S., & Schalock, R. L. (2016). Factors predicting quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities: Results from the ANFFAS-study in Italy. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 41, 338–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2010). A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Rivet, T. T., Fodstad, J. C., Dempsey, T., & Boisjoli, J. A. (2009). Examination of adaptive behavior differences in adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1317–1325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Shoemaker, M. (2009). Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1107–1114. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58(4), 525–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morán, L., Gómez, L. E., & Alcedo, M. A. (2015). Relaciones interpersonales en niños y jóvenes con trastornos del espectro del autismo y discapacidad intelectual. Revista Española de Discapacidad, 3, 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plimley, L. A. (2007). A review of quality of life issues and people with autism spectrum disorders. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(4), 205–213. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2007.00448.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renty, J. O., & Roeyers, H. (2006). Quality of life in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder: The predictive value of disability and support characteristics. Autism, 10(5), 511–524. doi:10.1177/1362361306066604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, E., Wiggins, L. D., & Lee, L. (2015). A review of the differences in developmental, psychiatric, and medical endophenotypes between males and females with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27, 119–139. doi:10.1007/s10882-014-9397-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña, D., Ávarez, R., Lobatón, S., López, A. M., & Rojano, M. (2009). Objective and subjective quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorders in southern Spain. Autism, 13, 303–316. doi:10.1177/1362361309103792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Brown, I., Brown, R., Cummins, R. A., Felce, D., Matikka, L., Keith, K. D., & Parmenter, T. (2002). Conceptualization, measurement, and application of quality of life for persons with intellectual disabilities: Report of an international panel of experts. Mental Retardation, 40, 457–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. A., & Claes, C. (2017). Evidence and evidence-based practices: Are we there yet? Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55, 112–119. doi:10.1352/1934-9556-55.2.112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Keith, K. D., Verdugo, M. A., & Gómez, L. E. (2010). Quality of life model development and use in the field of intellectual disability. In R. Kober (Ed.), Enhancing the quality of life for people with intellectual disability (pp. 17–32). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Lee, T., Verdugo, M. A., Swart, K., Claes, C., van Loon, J., et al. (2014). An evidence-based approach to organization evaluation and change in human service organizations evaluation and program planning. Evaluation and Program Planning, 45, 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2014.03.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., & Verdugo, M. A. (2002). Quality of life for human service practitioners. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., & Verdugo, M. A. (2012). A conceptual and measurement framework to guide policy development and systems change. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7, 71–81. doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2012.00329.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. A., Bonham, G. S., Fantova, F., & Van Loon, J. (2008). Enhancing personal outcomes: Organizational strategies, guidelines, and examples. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5, 18–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. A., & Gómez, L. E. (2011). Evidence-based practices in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities: An international consensus approach. Evaluation and Program Planning, 34, 273–282. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.10.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. A., Gómez, L. E., & Reinders, H. (2016). Moving us towards a theory of individual quality of life. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121(1), 1–12. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. A., Jenaro, C., Wang, M., Wehmeyer, M., Xu, J., et al. (2005). Cross-cultural study of quality of life indicators. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 110, 298–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shipman, D., Sheldrick, S., & Perrin, E. C. (2011). Quality of life of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Reliability and validity of self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 85–89. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e318203e558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simões, C., & Santos, S. (2016). The impact of personal and environmental characteristics on quality of life of people with intellectual disability. Applied Research in Quality Life. doi:10.1007/s11482-016-9466-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taheri, A., Perry, A., & Minne, P. (2016). Examining the social participation of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder in relation to peers. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(5), 4435–4443. doi:10.1111/jir.12289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavernor, L., Barron, E., Rodgers, J., & McConachie, H. (2013). Finding out what matters: Validity of quality of life measurement in young people with ASD. Child, 39(4), 592–601. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01377.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. R., Bradley, V. J., Buntinx, W. H. E., Schalock, R. L., Shogren, K. A., Snell, M. E., et al. (2009). Conceptualizing supports and the support needs of people with intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 47(2), 135–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonnsen, B. L., Boan, A. D., Bradley, C. C., Charles, J., Cohen, A., & Carpenter, L. A. (2016). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children with intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121(6), 487–500. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-121.6.487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Totsika, V., Felce, D., Kerr, M., & Hastings, R. P. (2010). Behavior problems, psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life for older adults with intellectual disability with and without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1171–1178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tureck, K., & Matson, J. L. (2012). An examination of the relationship between autism spectrum disorder, intellectual functioning, and social skills in children. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24, 607–615. doi:10.1007/s10882-012-9292-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Heijst, B. F. C., & Geurts, H. M. (2015). Quality of life in autism across the lifespan: A meta-analysis. Autism, 19, 158–167. doi:10.1177/1362361313517053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Loon, J. H., Bonham, G. S., Peterson, D. D., Schalock, R. L., Claes, C., & Decramer, A. E. (2013). The use of evidence-based outcomes in systems and organizations providing services and supports to persons with intellectual disability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 36, 80–87. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2012.08.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M., van Eeten, E., Groen, W. B., Van Deurzen, P. A., Oosterling, I. J., & Van der Gaag, R. J. (2014). Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 627–635. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1913-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdugo, M. A., Arias, B., Gómez, L. E., & Schalock, R. L. (2010). Development of an objective instrument to assess quality of life in social services: Reliability and validity in Spain. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(1), 105–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdugo, M. A., Gómez, L. E., Arias, B., Navas, P., & Schalock, R. L. (2014). Measuring quality of life in people with intellectual and multiple disabilities: Validation of the San Martín scale. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 75–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdugo, M. A., Navas, P., Gómez, L. E., & Schalock, R. L. (2012). The concept of quality of life and its role in enhancing human rights in the field of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 1036–1045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viecili, M. A., & Weiss, J. A. (2015). Reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory with individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 120(4), 289–301. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-120.4.289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vohra, R., Madhavam, S., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2016). Emergency department use among adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental disorders, 46, 1441–1454. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2692-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. A., & Jenaro, C. (2010). Examining the factor structure and hierarchical nature of the quality of life construct. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(3), 218–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, A. D., Li, Z., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Decoding the meaning of factorial invariance and updating the practice of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis: A demonstration with TIMSS data. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 12(3), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerbo, O., Massolo, M., Qian, Y., & Croen, L. A. (2015). A study of physician knowledge and experience with autism in adults in a large integrated healthcare system. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 4002–4014. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2579-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all those organizations, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, professionals, and families their involvement and participation in this research.

Funding

This work is part of doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Oviedo (Spain) by the third author (BP16007) and has been funded by the Ministry of Economic and Competitiveness of Spain (PSI2012-33139).

Author Contributions

VBA, LEGS, MLM and MAA conceived of the study and participated in its design. LEGS coordinated the manuscript. LEGS conceived the design and coordinated the study; VBA, LEGS, MLM, and MAA conceived of the study; VBA performed the statistical analysis. All authors performed the measurement, participated in the interpretation of the data, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad de Talca, Maule, Chile

    Víctor B. Arias

  2. Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain

    Laura E. Gómez, Mª Lucía Morán, Mª Ángeles Alcedo, Asunción Monsalve & Yolanda Fontanil

  3. Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, 33003, Oviedo, Spain

    Laura E. Gómez

Authors
  1. Víctor B. Arias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Laura E. Gómez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mª Lucía Morán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mª Ángeles Alcedo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Asunción Monsalve
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yolanda Fontanil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura E. Gómez.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

See Table 5.

Table 5 English version of the KidsLife Scale
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Arias, V.B., Gómez, L.E., Morán, M.L. et al. Does Quality of Life Differ for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability Compared to Peers Without Autism?. J Autism Dev Disord 48, 123–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3289-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3289-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation