Abstract
Depression presents risks that are profound and intergenerational, yet research on the association of depression with the physiological processes that might be associated with impaired mental and physical health has only recently been contextualized within the family environment. Participants in this multi-method case–control study were 180 mother-adolescent dyads (50% mothers with a history of depression treatment and current depressive symptoms). In order to examine the association between maternal depression and affective and autonomic reactivity amongst these mothers and their adolescent offspring we collected self-reported measures of positive and negative affect, as well as measures of cardiovascular and electrodermal autonomic activity, during mother-adolescent interaction tasks. Findings indicated that depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring exhibited greater self-reported negative affect reactivity during a problem-solving interaction and blunted (i.e., low) sympathetic activity as measured via skin conductance level across both interaction tasks. These effects remained significant after controlling for a range of potential covariates, including medication use, sex, age, adolescents own mental health symptoms, and behavior of the other interactant, along with correcting for multiple comparisons. Findings indicate that depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring both exhibit patterns of affect and physiology during interactions that are different from those of non-depressed mothers and their offspring, including increased negative affect reactivity during negative interactions and blunted sympathetic activity across both positive and negative interactions. These findings have potential implications for understanding the role of family processes in the intergenerational transmission of risk for depressive disorders.
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Notes
Observational studies have been particularly useful in identifying maladaptive parenting behaviors in depressed parents. In a meta-analysis of 46 observational studies, Lovejoy et al. (2000) found maternal depression was associated with greater expression of negative affect (e.g., distress, irritability, and anger) and reduced expression of positive affect (e.g., engagement, energy, and enthusiasm). Further, these patterns were similar when either diagnostic criteria or depressive symptoms scales defined parental depression (Goodman et al., 2020).
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This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5R01HD081362-05) awarded to the second and last authors and the American Psychological Association Dissertation Research Award and the Center for the Study of Women in Society Graduate Student Research Grant that were awarded to the first author. The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, or submission process.
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Nelson, B.W., Sheeber, L., Pfeifer, J.H. et al. Affective and Autonomic Reactivity During Parent–Child Interactions in Depressed and Non-Depressed Mothers and Their Adolescent Offspring. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 49, 1513–1526 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00840-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00840-x