Abstract
We investigated the heterogeneous developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms in junior and senior high school, the transitions to different trajectories after entering senior high school, and the linkages to the development of depressive symptoms in early adulthood among Taiwanese adolescents. An eight-wave longitudinal data set was analyzed, including 2687 Taiwanese adolescents (51.2% boys, M age = 14.3 at first wave). Using a manual three-step latent transition growth mixture model, we found that a three-class solution fit the data for both junior high school (termed high-improving, cumulative, and JS-low-stable) and senior high school period (termed heightening, moderate-stable, and HS-low-stable). The depressive symptoms of most individuals maintained at a low level (i.e., low-stable) from adolescence to early adulthood; however, nearly a quarter of the adolescents reported depressive symptoms that were moderately or highly severe in senior high school and beyond. More than 30% of the participants experienced transitioning into a different developmental trajectory between junior and senior high school. When perceiving a higher level of paternal behavioral control, adolescents categorized in the high-improving class in junior high school would have a higher chance to transition to the moderate-stable class than to HS-low-stable class in senior high school. Adolescent boys and girls did not differ in the probability of transitioning between trajectories across junior and senior high school. However, a clear and consistent pattern of symptoms between late adolescence and early adulthood was not observed. These results help elucidate the heterogeneity and fluidity associated with the development of depressive symptoms between early adolescence and early adulthood in light of school transition among youths in Taiwan.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Academia Sinica (2014). Taiwan Youth Project. Taipei: Author. https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-typ.
Aldeis, D., & Afifi, T. (2013). College students’ willingness to reveal risky behaviors: the influence of relationship and message type. Journal of Family Communication, 13(2), 92–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2013.768246.
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling, 21(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181.
Baraldi, A. N., & Enders, C. K. (2010). An introduction to modern missing data analyses. Journal of School Psychology, 48(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.10.001.
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 1–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x.
Bech, P., Rasmussen, N.-A., Olsen, L. R., Noerholm, V., & Abildgaard, W. (2001). The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnostic validity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66(2–3), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00309-8.
Benner, A. D., Boyle, A. E., & Bakhtiari, F. (2017). Understanding students’ transition to high school: demographic variation and the role of supportive relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(10), 2129–2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0716-2.
Brendgen, M., Wanner, B., Morin, A. J. S., & Vitaro, F. (2005). Relations with parents and with peers, temperament, and trajectories of depressed mood during early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(5), 579–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-6739-2.
Brendgen, M., Lamarche, V., Wanner, B., & Vitaro, F. (2010). Links between friendship relations and early adolescents’ trajectories of depressed mood. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 491–501. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017413.
Brière, F. N., Janosz, M., Fallu, J.-S., & Morizot, J. (2015). Adolescent trajectories of depressive symptoms: codevelopment of behavioral and academic problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(3), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.05.012.
Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Finch, S. J., & Brook, D. W. (2015). Conjoint trajectories of depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior predicting substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 42(C), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.038.
Brown, B. B., & Bakken, J. P. (2011). Parenting and peer relationships: reinvigorating research on family-peer linkages in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00720.x.
Burke, T., Sticca, F., & Perren, S. (2017). Everything’s gonna be alright! The longitudinal interplay among social support, peer victimization, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(9), 1999–2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0653-0.
Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410709336568.
Chang, F.-M. (2007). The effects of parent-child, teacher-student, and peer relations on the onset of adolescent violence. Secondary Education, 58(5), 74–91 (in Chinese).
Chang, Y.-H. (2012). Academic competition and cram schooling. In C.-C. Yi (Ed.), The psychological well-being of East Asian youth: Quality of life in Asia (vol. 2, pp. 131–153). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4081-5_7.
Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111–1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x.
Chao, R., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 4) (pp. 59–93). New York: Routledge.
Chen, F.-M. (2005). Parental efficacy, parenting practices, and child adjustment. The Archive of Guidance & Counseling, 27(1), 47–64 (in Chinese).
Chen, S. Y., & Lu, L. (2009). After-school time use in Taiwan: effects on educational achievement and well-being. Adolescence, 44(176), 891–909.
Chen, M., Johnston, C., Sheeber, L., & Leve, C. (2009). Parent and adolescent depressive symptoms: the role of parental attributions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9264-2.
Chen, W.-W., Wu, C.-W., & Yeh, K.-H. (2016). How parenting and filial piety influence happiness, parent-child relationships and quality of family life in Taiwanese adult children. Journal of Family Studies, 22(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1027154.
Chow, C. M., Tan, C. C., & Buhrmester, D. (2015). Interdependence of depressive symptoms, school involvement, and academic performance between adolescent friends: a dyadic analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(3), 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12075.
Crosnoe, R., & Benner, A. D. (2016). Educational pathways. In M. J. Shanahan, J. T. Mortimer, & M. K. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (Vol. II) (pp. 179–200). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20880-0_8.
Crosnoe, R., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Research on adolescence in the 21st century. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 439–460. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150008.
Crystal, D. S., Chen, C., Fuligni, A. J., Stevenson, H. W., Hsu, C.-C., Ko, H.-J., et al. (1994). Psychological maladjustment and academic achievement: a cross-cultural study of Japanese, Chinese, and American high school students. Child Development, 65(3), 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00780.x.
Cumsille, P., Martínez, M. L., Rodríguez, V., & Darling, N. (2016). Parental and individual predictors of trajectories of depressive symptoms in Chilean adolescents. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.06.001.
Dekker, M. C., Ferdinand, R. F., van Lang, N. D. J., Bongers, I. L., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2007). Developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms from early childhood to late adolescence: gender differences and adult outcome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(7), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01742.x.
Demo, D. H. (1992). The self-concept over time: research issues and directions. Annual Review of Sociology, 18(1), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001511.
Derogatis, L. R., & Savitz, K. L. (2000). The SCL-90-R and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in primary care. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings (Vol. 236) (pp. 297–334). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Taiwan) (2017). Student statistics. Retrieved on September 2, 2017, from http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/main_statistics/b.ods.
Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021637011732.
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C. A., & Mac Iver, D. (1993). Development during adolescence: the impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and in families. American Psychologist, 48(2), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.90.
Elder Jr., G. H. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786971.
Elder Jr., G. H. (2008). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x.
Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399–419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357.
Fernandez Castelao, C., & Kröner-Herwig, B. (2013). Different trajectories of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: predictors and differences in girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(8), 1169–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9858-4.
Ferro, M. A., Gorter, J. W., & Boyle, M. H. (2015). Trajectories of depressive symptoms during the transition to young adulthood: the role of chronic illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174(C), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.014.
Gamoran, A. (1992). Access to excellence: assignment to honors english classes in the transition from middle to high school. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14(3), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737014003185.
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: a building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129837.
Ge, X., Conger, R., Lorenz, F., & Simons, R. (1994). Parents’ stressful life events and adolescent depressed mood. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 28–44. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137333.
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. J. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.37.3.404.
Graber, J. A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996). Transitions and turning points: navigating the passage from childhood through adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 768–776. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.768.
Graham, J. W. (2003). Adding missing-data-relevant variables to FIML-based structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(1), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_4.
Greenberger, E., & Chen, C. (1996). Perceived family relationships and depressed mood in early and late adolescence: a comparison of European and Asian Americans. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.707.
Gutman, L. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2007). Stage-environment fit during adolescence: trajectories of family relations and adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 522–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.522.
Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9.
Herman-Stahl, M., & Petersen, A. C. (1996). The protective role of coping and social resources for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(6), 733–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537451.
Hsiao, C.-C., & Tung, Y.-Y. (2011). Apply hierarchical linear modeling in the longitudinal study: in the case of mental health. Journal of Counseling & Guidance, 23, 75–97 (in Chinese).
Hsieh, H.-C. (1987). Ability stratification in urban Taiwanese secondary schools. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, 64, 205–252.
Huang, L.-W. (2002). Development of self-concept: The transition from early to mid-late adolescence. Paper presented at the Conference of Social Science Monographs, Taichung, Taiwan.
Huang, Y.-R. (2009). Undergoing better learning experiences if studying at prestigious high schools rather than ordinary ones? Investigating classroom teaching methods, cram education participation and extracurricular reading. Journal of Educational Practice and Research, 22(1), 113–138.
Huang, J.-J., & Lin, S.-H. (2010). A comparison of mental health for youth in Taiwan and the United States. Formosa Journal of Mental Health, 23(3), 465–491 (in Chinese).
Kakihara, F., & Tilton-Weaver, L. (2009). Adolescents’ interpretations of parental control: differentiated by domain and types of control. Child Development, 80(6), 1722–1738. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01364.x.
Kao, S.-F., & Lu, L. (2001). The relationship between parental rearing attitudes and the perceived stress of JHSEE among junior high school students. Research in Applied Psychology, 10, 221–250 (in Chinese).
Kaplan, D. W. (2009). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions (2nd ed.). New York: Sage.
Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know how they know it and several forms of adolescent adjustment: further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366.
Kochel, K. P., Ladd, G. W., & Rudolph, K. D. (2012). Longitudinal associations among youth depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and low peer acceptance: an interpersonal process perspective. Child Development, 83(2), 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01722.x.
Korhonen, M., Luoma, I., Salmelin, R. K., Helminen, M., Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Tamminen, T. (2014). The trajectories of child's internalizing and externalizing problems, social competence and adolescent self-reported problems in a Finnish normal population sample. School Psychology International, 35(6), 561–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034314525511.
Kouros, C. D., & Garber, J. (2014). Trajectories of individual depressive symptoms in adolescents: gender and family relationships as predictors. Developmental Psychology, 50(12), 2633–2643. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038190.
Lim, C., Rice, E., & Rhoades, H. (2016). Depressive symptoms and their association with adverse environmental factors and substance use in runaway and homeless youths. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12200.
Lin, D.-S., & Chen, Y.-F. (2006). Cram school attendance and college entrance exam scores of senior high school students in Taiwan. Bulletin of Educational Research, 52(4), 35–70 (in Chinese).
Lin, H.-C., Tang, T.-C., Yen, J.-Y., Ko, C.-H., Huang, C.-F., Liu, S.-C., & Yen, C.-F. (2008). Depression and its association with self-esteem, family, peer and school factors in a population of 9586 adolescents in southern Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(4), 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01820.x.
Lin, F.-G., Chou, Y.-C., Wu, C.-H., & Lin, J.-D. (2014). Short-term and long-term influences of family arguments and gender difference on developing psychological well-being in Taiwanese adolescents. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 2735–2743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.018.
Little, T. D., Jorgensen, T. D., Lang, K. M., & Moore, E. W. G. (2014). On the joys of missing data. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst048.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227.
Masten, A., Herbers, J., Cutuli, J., & Lafavor, T. (2008). Promoting competence and resilience in the school context. Professional School Counseling, 12(2), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.5330/PSC.n.2010-12.76.
Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Hogansen, J. M. (2006). Developmental trajectories of co-occurring depressive, eating, antisocial, and substance abuse problems in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.524.
Miech, R. A., & Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Socioeconomic status and depression over the life course. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(2), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676303.
Ministry of Interior Affair (Taiwan) (2017). Population statistics. Retrieved on September 2, 2017, from http://www.ris.gov.tw/fr/346.
Musliner, K. L., Munk-Olsen, T., Eaton, W. W., & Zandi, P. P. (2016). Heterogeneity in long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms: patterns, predictors and outcomes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192(C), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.030.
Muthén, B. O. (1991). Analysis of longitudinal data using latent variable models with varying parameters. In L. Collins & J. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change: Recent advocates, unanswered questions, future directions (pp. 1–17). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Muthén, B. O. (2001). Latent variable mixture modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (pp. 1–33). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles: Authors.
Nylund-Gibson, K., Grimm, R., Quirk, M., & Furlong, M. (2014). A latent transition mixture model using the three-step specification. Structural Equation Modeling, 21(3), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915375.
Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (2010). Latent trajectory classes of depressive and anxiety disorders from adolescence to adulthood: descriptions of classes and associations with risk factors. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(3), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.07.002.
Olino, T. M., Stepp, S. D., Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Hipwell, A. (2014). Trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescent girls: a comparison of parallel trajectory approaches. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3), 316–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.866570.
Poulin, F., Nadeau, K., & Scaramella, L. V. (2012). The role of parents in young adolescents’ competence with peers: an observational study of advice giving and intrusiveness. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 58(4), 437–462. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2012.0021.
Prinzie, P., van Harten, L. V., Deković, M., van den Akker, A. L., & Shiner, R. L. (2014). Developmental trajectories of anxious and depressive problems during the transition from childhood to adolescence: personality × parenting interactions. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1077–1092. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000510.
Rawana, J. S., & Morgan, A. S. (2014). Trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood: the role of self-esteem and body-related predictors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(4), 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9995-4.
Reinke, W. M., Eddy, J. M., Dishion, T. J., & Reid, J. B. (2012). Joint trajectories of symptoms of disruptive behavior problems and depressive symptoms during early adolescence and adjustment problems during emerging adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1123–1136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9630-y.
Rindermann, H., & Ceci, S. J. (2009). Educational policy and country outcomes in international cognitive competence studies. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(6), 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x.
Rodriguez, D., Moss, H. B., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2005). Developmental heterogeneity in adolescent depressive symptoms: associations with smoking behavior. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(2), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000156929.83810.01.
Rote, W. M., & Smetana, J. G. (2016). Beliefs about parents’ right to know: domain differences and associations with change in concealment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(2), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12194.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147(6), 598–611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598.
Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102.
Shek, D. T. L. (2005). Perceived parental control and parent–child relational qualities in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Sex Roles, 53(9), 635–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7730-7.
Shek, D. T. L. (2007). Perceived Parental control based on indigenous Chinese parental control concepts in adolescents in Hong Kong. American Journal of Family Therapy, 35(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180600553480.
Strong, C., Tsai, M.-C., Lin, C.-Y., & Cheng, C.-P. (2016). Childhood adversity, timing of puberty and adolescent depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study in Taiwan. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0570-y.
Swenson, L. M., Nordstrom, A., & Hiester, M. (2008). The role of peer relationships in adjustment to college. Journal of College Student Development, 49(6), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0038.
Sze, T.-M., Lin, S.-H., Hsieh, P.-J., & Chen, I.-J. (2013). Sex differences in the development of perceived family cohesion and depressive symptoms in Taiwanese adolescents. Psychological Reports, 113(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.02.PRO.113x18z2.
Tilton-Weaver, L., Burk, W. J., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2013). Can parental monitoring and peer management reduce the selection or influence of delinquent peers? Testing the question using a dynamic social network approach. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 2057–2070. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031854.
Tsai, C.-L. (2012). Peer effects on academic cheating among high school students in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(1), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9179-4.
Tung, Y.-Y., & Wang, W.-L. (2007). Study for differential effects of attachment to parents, association with delinquent peers, and conventional values on delinquency of junior and senior high school students. Journal of Criminology, 10(2), 29–48 (in Chinese).
Wang, K. T. (2012). Personal and family perfectionism of Taiwanese college students: relationships with depression, self-esteem, achievement motivation, and academic grades. International Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.626050.
Wang, Y.-C. L. (2014). Heterogeneous development trajectories of depression among Taiwan youths: gender differences and conduct disorders. Formosa Journal of Mental Health, 27(4), 97–103 (in Chinese).
Wang, M.-T., & Degol, J. (2014). Staying engaged: knowledge and research needs in student engagement. Child Development Perspectives, 8(3), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12073.
Wang, C.-C., & Hsiao,W. (2007). Life stress, depressive experience and resilience of junior high school students. Journal of Living Sciences, 11, 1–31 (In Chinese).
Wang, Y.-C. L., Chan, H.-Y., Lin, C.-W., & Li, J.-R. (2015). Association of parental warmth and harsh discipline with developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms among adolescents in Chinese society. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6), 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039505.
Wang, C., Xia, Y., Li, W., Wilson, S. M., Bush, K., & Peterson, G. (2016). Parenting behaviors, adolescent depressive symptoms, and problem behavior: the role of self-esteem and school adjustment difficulties among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 37(4), 520–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14542433.
Willoughby, T., & Fortner, A. (2015). At-risk depressive symptoms and alcohol use trajectories in adolescence: a person-centred analysis of co-occurrence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(4), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0106-y.
Yang, N.-Y., & Chang, K.-P. (2012). A study on self-efficacy, coping strategies and depression of teenagers. Journal of Family Education and Counseling, 12, 83–109 (in Chinese).
Yau, J. P., & Smetana, J. G. (1996). Adolescent-parent conflict among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Development, 67(3), 1262–1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01794.x.
Zeiders, K. H., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Derlan, C. L. (2013). Trajectories of depressive symptoms and self-esteem in Latino youths: examining the role of gender and perceived discrimination. Developmental Psychology, 49(5), 951–963. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028866.
Acknowledgements
The study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 106-2410-H-018-016-MY2, MOST H104-2410-H-018-005, and MOST H105-2410-H-018-020) to the first author. Data analyzed in this paper were collected by the research project Taiwan Youth Project, sponsored by the Academia Sinica (AS-93-TP-C01). This research project was carried out by the Institute of Sociology and Academia Sinica, and was directed by Dr. Chin-Chun Yi. The Center for Survey Research of Academia Sinica is responsible for data distribution. The authors thank Jason Smith and the institutes and individuals aforementioned for their assistance, and the helpful comments from anonymous reviewers. The views expressed herein are the authors’ own.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from the principals of participating juinior high schools in loco parentis.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, YC.L., Chan, HY. & Chen, PC. Transitions of Developmental Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Between Junior and Senior High School Among Youths in Taiwan: Linkages to Symptoms in Young Adulthood. J Abnorm Child Psychol 46, 1687–1704 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0408-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0408-8