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Cliff operads: a hierarchy of operads on words

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Abstract

A new hierarchy of operads over the linear spans of \(\delta \)-cliffs, which are some words of integers, is introduced. These operads are intended to be analogues of the operad of permutations, also known as the associative symmetric operad. We obtain operads whose partial compositions can be described in terms of intervals of the lattice of \(\delta \)-cliffs. These operads are very peculiar in the world of the combinatorial operads since, despite the relative simplicity for their construction, they are infinitely generated and they have nonquadratic and nonhomogeneous nontrivial relations. We provide a general construction for some of their quotients. We use it to endow the spaces of permutations, m-increasing trees, c-rectangular paths, and m-Dyck paths with operad structures. The operads on c-rectangular paths admit, as Koszul duals, operads generalizing the duplicial and triplicial operads.

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  1. LIGM, Université Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESIEE Paris, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France

    Camille Combe & Samuele Giraudo

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  1. Camille Combe
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  2. Samuele Giraudo
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Correspondence to Samuele Giraudo.

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This research has been partially supported by the projects CARPLO (ANR-20-CE40-0007) and ALCOHOL (ANR-19-CE40-0006) of the Agence nationale de la recherche.

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Combe, C., Giraudo, S. Cliff operads: a hierarchy of operads on words. J Algebr Comb 57, 239–269 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10801-022-01167-6

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