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Rapid detection of heavy metal ions based on a novel BMIMPF6-MWCNTs/GCE sensor and square wave voltammetry in actual water samples

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Abstract

A novel electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6) hydrophobic ionic liquid for the rapid detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was developed. In this study, the BMIMPF6-MWCNTs composite, as well as BMIMPF6 and MWCNTs, were characterized using SEM. The electrochemical studies were performed using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The BMIMPF6-MWCNTs/GCE exhibited excellent electrochemical activity. The effect of the pH value of 0.1 M NaAc/HAc buffer, deposition potential, and deposition time was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range for the modified sensors varies from 5 to 1850 µg L−1 for Pb2+ and 22 to 600 µg L−1 for Cd2+. The limit of detection (LOD) for Pb2+ and Cd2+ was 0.9 µg L−1 and 0.5 µg L−1, respectively, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3 µg L−1 for Pb2+ and 1.7 µg L−1 for Cd2+. Moreover, this method showed excellent anti-interference performance, short analysis time, and practicability for determining Pb2+ and Cd2+. The electrochemical sensor was able to determine heavy metal ions in actual water samples without complex pretreatment, with acceptable recoveries from 98 to 110.8% for Pb2+ and 98.6 to 111.3% for Cd2+, demonstrating that the sensor based on BMIMPF6-MWCNTs/GCE can apply for Pb2+ and Cd2+ quantification.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Project (2020- [2018]-028); the Guizhou Provincial Education Department Project (KY2017-317); the Ecological Specialty Food Processing Innovation Team Project of Tongren University (CXTD [2020-21]); and the Guizhou Provincial First-class Professional Construction Project (YLBK-2022045).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, People’s Republic of China

    Shaobiao Feng, Lijuan Yang, Lili Yan, Miao Zhu, Honglei Xu & Gangfeng Li

  2. College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, Zhejiang, China

    Shaobiao Feng

  3. Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China

    Lijuan Yang

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  1. Shaobiao Feng
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  5. Honglei Xu
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  6. Gangfeng Li
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Contributions

SF performed conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, writing and preparation of original draft, and writing, reviewing, & editing of the manuscript. LY contributed to conceptualization and methodology. LLY contributed to conceptualization, investigation, and supervision methodology. MZ contributed to conceptualization and methodology. HX contributed to conceptualization, and methodology. YC, AY and ZC contributed to Validation, and Data curation. GL was involved in conceptualization, supervision, methodology, investigation, and writing and preparation of the original draft.

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Correspondence to Lili Yan or Gangfeng Li.

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Feng, S., Yang, L., Yan, L. et al. Rapid detection of heavy metal ions based on a novel BMIMPF6-MWCNTs/GCE sensor and square wave voltammetry in actual water samples. J Appl Electrochem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-023-02061-0

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