Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement of extraocular horizontal muscle insertion distance via anterior segment optical coherence tomography of healthy children and comparison with healthy adults

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Ophthalmology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the study was to determine the corneal limbus–extraocular muscle insertion distance (LID), via anterior segment optical coherence tomography, in healthy children and healthy adults and to compare the results of the measurements of the two groups.

Methods

Muscle limbus distances were measured using AS-OCT in 60 healthy cases in two groups. Children aged 8–13 years were evaluated as group 1, and healthy adults aged 25–30 years were evaluated as group 2. Measurements of 120 horizontal muscles were taken by one doctor (OBO). The values were compared according to age and gender groups, and correlation between LID measurements and spherical equivalent. Statistical evaluation was performed using SPSS 16® for Windows with the Student’s t test and Pearson correlation coefficient test.

Results

LID measurements for MR and for lateral rectus (LR) were 5.74 ± 0.75 and 6.74 ± 1.11 mm, in the pediatric age-group, and 5.73 ± 0.75 and 6.84 ± 1.15 mm, in the adult age-group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of MR distances. There was a slight increase in the adult values, for the LR distance. There was no significant difference in terms of gender. Correlation was found 0.62 for MR and 0.46 for LR between LID measurements and spherical equivalent in the pediatric age-group.

Conclusions

In healthy individuals, different imaging modalities can be used to measure LID, but AS-OCT can be used in pediatric age-groups as a preferred imaging method because it is easy and noninvasive.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lai YH, Wu WC, Wang HZ, Hsu HT (2012) Extraocular muscle insertion positions and outcomes of strabismus surgery: correlation analysis and anatomical comparison of Western and Chinese populations. Br J Ophthalmol 96:679–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ozgen A, Ariyurek M (1998) Normative measurements of orbital structures using CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 170:1093–1096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Demer JL, Kerman BM (1994) Comparison of standardized echography with magnetic resonance imaging to measure extraocular muscle size. Am J Ophthalmol 118:351–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dai S, Kraft SP, Smith DR, Buncic JR (2006) Ultrasound biomicroscopy in strabismus reoperations. J AAPOS 10:202–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Khan HA, Smith DR, Kraft SP (2012) Localising rectus muscle insertions using high frequency wide-field ultrasound biomicroscopy. Br J Ophthalmol 96:683–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu X, Wang F, Xiao Y, Ye X, Hou L (2011) Measurement of the limbus-insertion distance in adult strabismus patients with anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:8370–8373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Park KA, Lee JY, Oh SY (2014) Reproducibility of horizontal extraocular muscle insertion distance in anterior segment optical coherence tomography and the effect of head position. J AAPOS 18:15–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Salcedo-Villanueva G, Paciuc-Beja M, Harasawa M, Velez-Montoya R, Olson JL, Oliver SC, Mandava N, Quiroz-Mercado H (2015) Identification and biometry of horizontal extraocular muscle tendons using optical coherence tomography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 253:477–485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ngo CS, Smith D, Kraft SP (2015) The accuracy of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in localizing extraocular rectus muscles insertions. J AAPOS 19:233–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pihlblad MS, Erenler F, Sharma A, Manchandia A, Reynolds JD (2016) Anterior segment optical coherence tomography of the horizontal and vertical extraocular muscles with measurement of the insertion to limbus distance. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 53:141–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosseto JD, Cavuoto KM, Allemann N, McKeown CA, Capó H (2017) Accuracy of optical coherence tomography measurements of rectus muscle insertions in adult patients undergoing strabismus surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 176:236–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG (2009) Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 41:1149–1160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Athavale S, Kotgirwar S, Lalwani R (2015) Rectus and oblique muscles of eyeball: a morphometric study of Indian population. Anat Cell Biol 48:201–204

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Blake CR, Lai WW, Edward DP (2003) Racial and ethnic differences in ocular anatomy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 43:9–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ettl A, Kramer J, Daxer A, Koornneef L (1997) High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the normal extraocular musculature. Eye (Lond) 11:793–797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Solarte CE, Smith DR, Buncic JR, Tehrani NN, Kraft SP (2008) Evaluation of vertical rectus muscles using ultrasound biomicroscopy. J AAPOS 12:128–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Souza-Dias C, Prieto-Díaz J, Uesugui CF (1986) Topographical aspects of the insertions of the extraocular muscles. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 23:183–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. De-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño L, Fernández-Vigo JI, Ventura-Abreu N, Morales-Fernández L, Fernández-Pérez C, García-Feijóo J, Gómez-de-Liaño R (2016) Spectral domain optical coherence tomography to assess the insertion of extraocular rectus muscles. J AAPOS 20:201–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

OBO, AI, and BG were involved in conception and design. IY, EDA, and SC collected the data. OBO, AI, SYO, and MT performed the analysis and interpretation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beyoglu Eye Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bereketzade Mah, Meşrutiyet Cad No:73, 34421, Istanbul, Turkey

    Osman Bulut Ocak, Asli İnal, İhsan Yilmaz, Ebru Demet Aygit, Selcen Celik, Muhittin Taskapili & Birsen Gokyigit

  2. Department of Ophtalmology, Okmeydanı Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Kaptan Paşa Mah, Darülaceze Cad. No:25, 34384, Okmeydani, Istanbul, Turkey

    Serap Yurttaser Ocak

Authors
  1. Osman Bulut Ocak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Asli İnal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. İhsan Yilmaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ebru Demet Aygit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Serap Yurttaser Ocak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Selcen Celik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Muhittin Taskapili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Birsen Gokyigit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Osman Bulut Ocak.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical standard

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

Human and animal rights

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ocak, O.B., İnal, A., Yilmaz, İ. et al. Measurement of extraocular horizontal muscle insertion distance via anterior segment optical coherence tomography of healthy children and comparison with healthy adults. Int Ophthalmol 39, 1037–1042 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0903-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0903-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation