Abstract
Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the emergent nano-technologies and a potential substitute for transistor based technologies. In this research, an efficient QCA based T, SR and JK flip-flops have been proposed. The proposed gates are implemented with multiplexer, three-input Majority gate and XOR gate. The circuit layouts are designed and verified using QCADesigner version 2.0.3. The simulation result reviles the excellence of the proposed design. The proposed T flip-flop archives 35% improvement in terms cell count. Similarly, the reported RS and JK flip-flop requires 43% and 50% less area respectively in comparison to the previous best single layer design. In addition, QCAPro tool has been used to estimate the power dissipation of all considered designs at different tunneling energy level.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tangmettajittakul, O., Thainoi, S., Changmoang, P., Kanjanachuchai, S., Rattanathammaphan, S., Panyakeow, S.: Extended optical properties beyond band-edge of GaAs by InAs quantum dots and quantum dot molecules. Microelectron. Eng. 87(5-8), 1304–1307 (2010)
Yu, W., Zhang, B., Liu, C., Zhao, Y., Wu, W.R., Xue, Z.Y., Chen, M., Buca, D., Hartmann, J.M., Wang, X., Zhao, Q.T.: Impact of Si cap, strain and temperature on the hole mobility of (s) Si/sSiGe/(s) SOI quantum-well p-MOSFETs. Microelectron. Eng. 113, 5–9 (2014)
Bose, R., Johnson, H.T.: Coulomb interaction energy in optical and quantum computing applications of self-assembled quantum dots. Microelectron. Eng. 75(1), 43–53 (2004)
Smith, C.G., Gardelis, S., Rushforth, A.W., Crook, R., Cooper, J., Ritchie, D.A., Linfield, E.H., Jin, Y., Pepper, M.: Realization of quantum-dot cellular automata using semiconductor quantum dots. Superlattices Microstruct. 34 (3-6), 195–203 (2003)
Tougaw, P.D., Lent, C.S.: Logical devices implemented using quantum cellular automata. J. Appl. Phys. 75(3), 1818–25 (1994)
Lent, C.S., Tougaw, P.D., Porod, W., Bernstein, G.H.: Quantum cellular automata. Nanotechnology 4(1), 49 (1993)
Lent, C.S., Tougaw, P.D.: A device architecture for computing with quantum dots. Proc. IEEE 85(4), 541–57 (1997)
Bahar, A.N., Waheed, S.: Design and implementation of an efficient single layer five input majority voter gate in quantum-dot cellular automata. SpringerPlus 5(1), 636 (2016)
Abdullah-Al-Shafi, M., Bahar, A.N.: Optimized design and performance analysis of novel comparator and full adder in nanoscale. Cogent Eng. 3(1), 1237864 (2016)
Lim, L.A., Ghazali, A., Yan, S.C., Fat, C.C.: Sequential circuit design using quantum-dot cellular automata (qca). In: 2012 IEEE international conference on InCircuits and systems (ICCAS), pp. 162–167. IEEE (2012)
Torabi, M.: A new architecture for T flip flop using quantum-dot cellular automata. In: 2011 3rd Asia symposium on InQuality electronic design (ASQED), pp. 296–300. IEEE (2011)
Angizi, S., Moaiyeri, M.H., Farrokhi, S., Navi, K., Bagherzadeh, N.: Designing quantum-dot cellular automata counters with energy consumption analysis. Microprocess. Microsyst. 39(7), 512–20 (2015)
A Vetteth, K., Walus, V.S., Dimitrov, G.A.: Quantum-dot cellular automata of flip-flops. The National Conference on Communications (NCC) (2003)
Huang, J., Momenzadeh, M., Lombardi, F.: Design of sequential circuits by quantum-dot cellular automata. Microelectron. J. 38(4-5), 525–37 (2007)
Jagarlamudi, H.S., Saha, M., Jagarlamudi, P.K.: Quantum dot cellular automata based effective design of combinational and sequential logical structures. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 60, 671–675 (2011)
You, Y. W., Jeon, J.C.: Implementation of QCA SR flip-flop using multilayer structure. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on future technology, pp. 118–119 (2017)
Lee, J. S., Jeon, J.C.: Implementation of QCA shift register with high space efficiency based on planar structure. Int. Inf. Institute (Tokyo). Information 20(11), 8075–8082 (2017)
Abdullah-Al-Shafi, M., Bahar, A.N.: Ultra-efficient design of robust RS flip-flop in nanoscale with energy dissipation study. Cogent Eng. 4(1), 1391060 (2017)
Chakrabarty, R., Mahato, D.K., Banerjee, A., Choudhuri, S., Dey, M., Mandal, N.K.: A novel design of flip-flop circuits using quantum dot cellular automata (QCA). In: Computing and communication workshop and conference (CCWC), 2018 IEEE 8th Annual (pp. 408–414). IEEE (2018)
Yang, X., Cai, L., Zhao, X., Zhang, N.: Design and simulation of sequential circuits in quantum-dot cellular automata: falling edge-triggered flip-flop and counter study. Microelectron. J. 41(1), 56–63 (2010)
Pandey, S., Singh, S., Wairya, S.: Designing an efficient approach for JK and T flip-flop with power dissipation analysis using QCA. Int. J. VLSI Des. Commun. Syst. 7(3), 29–48 (2016)
Abdullah-Al-Shafi, M., Bahar, A.N., Habib, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.M., Ahmad, F., Ahmad, P.Z., Ahmed, K.: Designing single layer counter in quantum-dot cellular automata with energy dissipation analysis. Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2017)
Mukhopadhyay, D., Dutta, P.: A study on energy optimized 4 dot 2 electron two dimensional quantum dot cellular automata logical reversible flip-flops. Microelectron. J. 46(6), 519–530 (2015)
Abdullah-Al-Shafı, M., Bahar, A.N.: Energy optimized and low complexity 2-dimensional 4 Dot 2 electron flip-flop and quasi code generator in nanoscale. J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 12, 1–8 (2018)
Walus, K., Dysart, T.J., Jullien, G.A., Budiman, R.A.: QCADesigner: A rapid design and simulation tool for quantum-dot cellular automata. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 3(1), 26–31 (2004)
Srivastava, S., Asthana, A., Bhanja, S., Sarkar, S.: QCAPro-an error-power estimation tool for QCA circuit design. In: 2011 IEEE international symposium on InCircuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 2377–2380. IEEE (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bahar, A.N., Laajimi, R., Abdullah-Al-Shafi, M. et al. Toward Efficient Design of Flip-flops in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata with Power Dissipation Analysis. Int J Theor Phys 57, 3419–3428 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-018-3855-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-018-3855-7