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On the Influence of the Furnace and Cell Conditions on the Phase Transition of the Eutectic Co–C

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Abstract

This paper considers the influence, in terms of temperature and time, of the following three factors on the phase transition of high-temperature fixed points: the temperature gradient of the furnace along the fixed-point cell, the thermal inertia of the furnace, and the thermal condition of the cell itself. Melting and freezing experiments have been performed for the eutectic Co–C in a three-zone furnace, of which the temperature gradient along the cell could be varied from positive to negative. To help the interpretation of these experiments, a realistic 2D finite-element model has been implemented, simulating the three influence factors. The model allowed us to understand the features observed in the melts and associated freezes, for the different furnace conditions, not only qualitatively but also quantitatively. This research identifies the essential requirements to facilitate the optimum configuration of the furnace and cell design.

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Notes

  1. Trade name TCC-019, product of Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd.

  2. Here Q in the corresponding Eq. (3) of [11] has been replaced by \(\hbox {d}Q/\hbox {d}t\).

  3. http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/portfolio/abaqus/overview/

  4. Y. Yamada, Private communication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, 100013, China

    P. Bloembergen

  2. Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy

    M. Battuello & F. Girard

  3. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK

    G. Machin & L. Wright

Authors
  1. P. Bloembergen
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  2. M. Battuello
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  3. F. Girard
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  4. G. Machin
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  5. L. Wright
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to P. Bloembergen or F. Girard.

Electronic supplementary material

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Supplementary material 1 (docx 600 KB)

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Freezing: The Effect of the Thermal Gradient over the Ingot on the Freezing Behavior

Freezing curves have been measured for temperature differences \(\Delta T = 0\,\hbox {K}\) and \(\Delta T\,=\,{\pm }10\,\hbox {K}\) over the crucible, for cells with and without CC sheets, with curves in black–red, blue–green, shown in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively.

Reversing the offsets and the temperature differences, \(\Delta T = T_{\mathrm{front}}-T_{\mathrm{back}}\), with respect to those applied during melting resulted in freezing curves, in shape similar to the melting curves—apart from the supercoolings—but mirrored in temperature, offset, and temperature difference. One particularly noteworthy feature is the vanishing of supercooling for \(\Delta T = -10\,\hbox {K}\), in Fig. 13. It is conjectured that in this case, freezing starts at the front of the cavity via a supercool and associated recalescence, but that this is not noticeable in the radiance measured from the (remote) backwall of the cavity. Subsequently, the freezing front travels from the front to the backwall of the cavity, where the measurements are made.

1.2 Appendices online

  • Appendix A1

    Finite element model of the INRIM crucible, insulation, and furnace.

  • Appendix A2

    Influence of the thermal isolation around the ingot, considered for the flat profile, \(\Delta T\) = 0.

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Bloembergen, P., Battuello, M., Girard, F. et al. On the Influence of the Furnace and Cell Conditions on the Phase Transition of the Eutectic Co–C. Int J Thermophys 36, 1859–1887 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-015-1892-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-015-1892-5

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