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Effects of Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Hunting Seasonality and Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius) Association on Diana Monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

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Abstract

Polyspecific associations occur when species overlap in their environment by chance, converge at common resources, or in response to predation pressure. However, because larger groups may themselves attract the attention of predators, species forming associations must balance the costs and benefits of comingling. Experimental and observational research suggests red colobus (Piliocolobus badius) associate with Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire in response to seasonally shifting predation pressure from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Research on this system has focused on immediate behavioral effects of comingling by red colobus and Diana monkeys. We expand on these analyses and explore longer-term changes in Diana monkey behavior. We use scan samples (N = 7025) collected on three Diana monkey groups over 5 years (N = 380 days) to assess differences in diet, activity budget, and strata use in relation to associating with red colobus and chimpanzee hunting seasonality and test for interaction effects between these two variables. We found limited evidence showing Diana monkeys make more than ephemeral behavioral changes in response to comingling with red colobus during chimpanzees’ hunting season (September–November). Synergistic effects of association and hunting season include expanded use of the main canopy, decreased fruit consumption, and increased invertebrate consumption. We find little evidence indicating Diana monkeys minimize behaviors that increase risk of predation from chimpanzees while associated with red colobus during the season when chimpanzees hunt most often. We conclude that when there are few member costs to forming mixed groups, participating species may tolerate associations even without accruing any benefits.

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Acknowledgments

This article was greatly improved by comments from the editor and three anonymous reviewers. We thank the skilled assistants of the Tai Monkey Project for their invaluable work during all phases of the project, particularly Ferdinand Bele. We are grateful to our funders, including the National Science Foundation, which funded the data collection for this study (BCS 0921770 and 0922429); Yerkes National Primate Research Center; and the Ohio State University Department of Anthropology. For permission to work in Tai National Park we thank the Ministere de l’Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Direction Generale de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation Technologie, and the Ministere de l’Environement, des Eaux et Forets, Office Ivorien de Parcs et Reserves. Finally, we thank the Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique for logistical assistance. W. S. McGraw oversaw data collection. E. E. Kane analyzed the data. E. E. Kane and W. S. McGraw wrote the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Erin E. Kane

  2. Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    W. Scott McGraw

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  1. Erin E. Kane
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Correspondence to Erin E. Kane.

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Kane, E.E., McGraw, W.S. Effects of Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Hunting Seasonality and Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius) Association on Diana Monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Int J Primatol 39, 532–546 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0050-x

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