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Social Learning Opportunities in Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii) and Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)

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Abstract

Social learning is important in the acquisition of many primate behaviors, including food acquisition, object use, and sociality. Social learning opportunities are social situations in which social learning could occur and provide a means of studying influences on social learning in observational research. Species-specific characteristics and individual relationships may influence the importance of social learning opportunities for some behaviors over others. We observed eight captive orangutans (Pongo abelii) and five mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) for >60 h each at the Toronto Zoo to assess intra- and interspecies differences in social learning opportunities. We measured social learning opportunity quality using spatial proximity because this has been associated with high-quality social learning. Both species had similar captive diets and group structure; therefore observed differences were likely due to species and individual differences, rather than captive environment. We found species differences in the frequency of social learning opportunities, their quality, and the associated type of behavior (food vs. social behavior). Orangutans had more high-quality social learning opportunities relating to food behavior than mandrills, and mandrills had more high-quality social learning opportunities relating to social behavior than orangutans. Both species had more high-quality social learning opportunities in mother–infant vs. other dyads. Our results suggest that learning about food behavior may be more important for orangutans and learning about social behavior may be more important for mandrills. Overall, our results suggest that social learning may be constrained/fostered by differences in frequency and quality of social learning opportunities between species and individuals.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Toronto Zoo and zoo-keeping staff for help with identifying and providing background information on the individual primates and for allowing us to conduct observations at their facilities. We thank Anna Press for volunteering her time to collect data for reliability analyses and Patricia Osborne for accompaniment to the zoo. We also earnestly thank the two anonymous reviewers and editor-in-chief, Joanna Setchell, for their patience and invaluable comments for improving this manuscript.

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  1. Psychology Department, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3

    Adam O. Bebko & Anne E. Russon

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Correspondence to Adam O. Bebko.

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Bebko, A.O., Russon, A.E. Social Learning Opportunities in Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii) and Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Int J Primatol 36, 1014–1035 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9870-0

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