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Phylogeny and genetic variability of Rotifer’s closest relatives Acanthocephala: an example from Croatia

  • ROTIFERA XVI
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Abstract

The high intraspecific variability of the morphological characters of Acanthocephala can complicate their taxonomic classification. To solve this problem, molecular markers are used. Here, we present the identification and determination of genetic variability of four species of the Acanthocephala genera Pomphorhynchus, Acanthocephalus and Dentitruncus, obligate endoparasites of freshwater fishes. The DNA sequences of the three markers that evolve at different rates (18S rDNA, COI and ITS) were analysed. To put the genetic position of the Croatian Acanthocephala specimens in a broader context, the COI and ITS sequences of the other European specimens from the NCBI GenBank were used. Genetic structuring at the local level was minor or not visible at all, but in the context of European phylogeographic structuring, the Croatian P. laevis showed a clear grouping to the geographical subcluster Ponto-Caspian Balkans. Only two P. laevis Danubian haplotypes, which were not analysed morphologically, were assigned to the Ponto-Caspian Danube subclade together with the recently identified P. bosniacus from Austria. The haplotypes of P. tereticollis from Croatia were clustered within the two main European clades. In connection with the phylogeographic distribution of Acanthocephala and their hosts, we hypothesised possible phylogeographic patterns.

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Generated DNA sequences files are available in NCBI Gen Bank.

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Acknowledgements

Damir Valić is gratefully acknowledged for the support provided in the field and laboratory work. We thank the staff of the Laboratory for Aquaculture and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms for outstanding logistical support and the members of the Croatian Science Foundation project IP-2020-02-8502 “Integrated evaluation of aquatic organism responses to metal exposure: gene expression, bioavailability, toxicity and biomarker responses (BIOTOXMET)” for their help in the field work.

Funding

Sampling was partially granted by a “Implementation of the program for monitoring the situation in freshwater fisheries—Group C—Kupa fishing area” (years 2010–2015); “Tests and monitoring of the biological quality of water for HPP Lešće” (years 2012–2015); “Program for monitoring the state of freshwater fisheries in 2008—Fishing area Sava: River Sutla” ; European Union FP6 SARIB Project (INCO-CT-2004–509160); “Ichthyological research of the Krka River” (2011). Financial support was partially provided by Croatian Science Foundation for the project IP-2020-02-8502 “Integrated evaluation of aquatic organism responses to metal exposure: gene expression, bioavailability, toxicity and biomarker responses (BIOTOXMET)”.

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  1. Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

    Irena Vardić Smrzlić, Damir Kapetanović, Sara Šariri, Tatjana Mijošek & Vlatka Filipović Marijić

  2. Marine Explorers Society – 20000 Leagues, Put Bokanjca 26A, 23000, Zadar, Croatia

    Barbara Čolić

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  1. Irena Vardić Smrzlić
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Correspondence to Irena Vardić Smrzlić.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary file1 (TIF 2410 kb) Fig 1S. Phylogenetic analyses of members of three Acanthocephala genera from Croatia based on partial 18S gene sequence ( 1720 bp). Evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method and the GTR model in MEGA11. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary file2 (TIF 2728 kb) Fig 2S. Phylogenetic analyses of members of Acanthocephalus genera from Croatia and GenBank based on COI gene sequence ( 650 bp). Evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method and the GTR model in MEGA11. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches. A. anguillae and A. lucii from Croatia are marked with different colours

10750_2023_5372_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary file3 (TIF 72997 kb) Fig 3A_S. Phylogenetic analyses of P. laevis specimens from Croatia and GenBank based on COI gene sequence. Analysis involved 243 sequences. Evolutionary history was inferred using the Maximum Likelihood method and the GTR model with discrete gamma distribution (+G) in MEGA11. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches. Croatian isolates are marked red.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary file4 (TIF 8528 kb) Fig 3B_S. Median joining network of P. laevis from Croatia and Europe based on the COI sequences (243 sequences) and performed in PopART 1.7. Mutation steps are indicated by vertical lines. Black dots represent haplotypes missing from the study sample. Coloured dots represent haplotypes from different sites, while the size of the dot indicates the number of haplotypes.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM5_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file5 (JPG 150 kb) Fig 4S. Phylogenetic analyses of P. laevis specimens from Croatia and GenBank based on ITS gene sequence. Evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method and the HYK model in MEGA11. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches. Median joining network of P. laevis from Croatia and Europe based on the ITS sequences and performed in PopART 1.7. Mutation steps are indicated by vertical lines. Black dots represent haplotypes missing from the study sample. Coloured dots represent haplotypes from different sites, while the size of the dot indicates the number of haplotypes.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM6_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file6 (JPG 115 kb) Fig 5S. Phylogenetic analyses of P. tereticollis specimens from Croatia and GenBank based on COI gene sequence. Evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method and the HYK model in MEGA11. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches. Median joining network of P. tereticollis from Croatia and Europe based on the COI sequences and performed in PopART 1.7. Mutation steps are indicated by vertical lines. Black dots represent haplotypes missing from the study sample. Coloured dots represent haplotypes from different sites, while the size of the dot indicates the number of haplotypes.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM7_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file7 (JPG 29 kb) Fig 6S. Median joining network of P. tereticollis from Croatia and Europe based on the ITS sequence and performed in PopART 1.7. Mutation steps are indicated by vertical lines. Black dots represent haplotypes missing from the study sample. Coloured dots represent haplotypes from different sites, while the size of the dot indicates the number of haplotypes.

10750_2023_5372_MOESM8_ESM.jpg

Supplementary file8 (JPG 116 kb) Fig 7S. Phylogenetic analyses of A. anguillae specimens from Croatia and GenBank based on COI gene sequence. Evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method and the HYK model in MEGA11. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered is shown next to the branches. Median joining network of A. anguillae from Croatia and Europe based on the COI sequences and performed in PopART 1.7. Mutation steps are indicated by vertical lines. Black dots represent haplotypes missing from the study sample. Coloured dots represent haplotypes from different sites, while the size of the dot indicates the number of haplotypes.

Supplementary file9 (DOCX 12 kb).

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Vardić Smrzlić, I., Čolić, B., Kapetanović, D. et al. Phylogeny and genetic variability of Rotifer’s closest relatives Acanthocephala: an example from Croatia. Hydrobiologia 851, 2845–2860 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05372-7

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