Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effect of lead (Pb) on the behavior of the Mexican mojarra, which is native to the Balsas River basin, and the convict cichlid, which is an exotic invasive there. Both fish species were exposed to Pb, followed by Pb depuration, to evaluate its impacts on behavior. We evaluated swimming activity, predation attempts, prey consumed, foraging efficiency, and aggressive behaviors. The behavioral effects of Pb differed between the two species. While swimming activity decreased in both species during Pb exposure, swimming activity recovered during the Pb depuration period in the convict cichlid, but not in the Mexican mojarra. In both species, the total predation attempts and prey consumed increased during exposure to Pb and remained elevated during Pb depuration. Pb did not affect the foraging efficiency or number of aggressive behaviors of the convict cichlid. In contrast, the foraging efficiency of the Mexican mojarra decreased with Pb exposure and remained low during Pb depuration, and the number of aggressive behaviors increased under Pb exposure and remained elevated during Pb depuration. Pb exposure affected Mexican mojarra more strongly than the convict cichlid, which could induce changes in the ecological relationships between these species.
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Data availability
The datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author under reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- Pb:
-
Lead
- As:
-
Arsenic
- TL:
-
Total length
- Mm:
-
Millimeters
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- M:
-
Mass
- g:
-
Grams
- cm:
-
Centimeters
- mg:
-
Milligrams
- L:
-
Liters
- °C:
-
Degrees Celsius
- pH:
-
Potential of hydrogen
- µg:
-
Micrograms
- h:
-
Hours
- PbCl2 :
-
Lead chloride
- LMM:
-
Linear mixed models
- GLMM:
-
Generalized linear mixed models
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- CONACyT:
-
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- ABS:
-
Animal behavior society
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Acknowledgements
We thank I. Inchaurregui, B. Estrada, M. Estrella, L. Aranda, O. De los Santos, and J. Heredia for technical assistance. Thanks to Lynna Kiere for editing the English text.
Funding
This study was supported by a Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Mexico) Frontier Science grant (64372) and Animal Behavior Society (ABS), Developing Nations Research Grant (108). Hugo F. Olivares-Rubio received financial support from a postdoctoral fellowship granted by CONACyT.
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Conceptualization: HFO-R, EA, MO-B; Methodology: HFO-R, EA, MF, LMB; Formal analysis: EA, LMB; Investigation: HFO-R, MF, EA, MO-B; Resources: EA.
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The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
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All applicable international (The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Animal Care Committee of the Animal Behaviour Society) and national (Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente, DOF 13 December 996) guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. We used the minimum number of fish and the shortest experimental duration necessary to yield clear results and accomplish the experimental goals. After the experiments, fish exposed to Pb were maintained separately and were monitored for 10 days. Fish did not show health problems and did not suffer any apparent injury. No fish died during the experiment and no fish were sacrificed after the experimental procedure. The fish used in this study are not an endangered or protected species.
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Olivares-Rubio, H.F., Arce, E., Burciaga, L.M. et al. Lead has different impacts on behavior of the native Mexican mojarra and invasive convict cichlid. Hydrobiologia 851, 147–159 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05319-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-023-05319-y