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Salinity shapes zooplankton communities and functional diversity and has complex effects on size structure in lakes

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Abstract

Changes in zooplankton community structure and function were analyzed in 24 lakes covering a wide salinity gradient (from 0.5 to 115 g l−1) in a semiarid region in northwest China. We hypothesized that species richness (S), species diversity (H), functional diversity (FD), biomass, and size of zooplankton would decrease with increasing salinity. We found that S, H, and FD did decrease with increasing salinity, whereas zooplankton sizes, size range, and biomasses did not. In fact, the sizes of microcrustaceans were mainly regulated by the abundance of small fish. Besides the impoverishment of FD, the zooplankton functional groups also varied along the salinity gradient. A shift occurred from selective raptorial to more generalist microphagous rotifers, from selective to more generalist filter feeder cladocerans, and from dominance of microphagous herbivorous copepods to microphagous carnivores. Our study indicates that the ongoing salinization of lakes with climate warming will result in important changes in the zooplankton, affecting not only the structure but also the functioning of this community. A weakened top-down control by zooplankton on phytoplankton at moderate high salinities may be an indirect consequence, leading to a worsening of eutrophication symptoms. Loss of fish at high salinities may, however, counteract this effect.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank the technical staff at the Department of Bioscience in Silkeborg and NIGLAS in Nanjing for help with the study in the field and the laboratory, Drs. Juan Paggi and Susana José de Paggi for help with zooplankton species identification, A. M. Poulsen for editorial assistance, and Mariana Meerhoff for her kind encouragement and valuable comments on an early version of the manuscript. The staff at the Agriculture Department of Fuhai is gratefully acknowledged for fieldwork assistance. This research was funded by the Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Aarhus University (AU). J. L. Y. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31400400). F. T. M. was supported by SNI-ANII (Uruguay). E. J. was supported by the MARS project (Managing Aquatic ecosystems and water Resources under multiple Stress) funded under the 7th EU Framework Programme, Theme 6 (Environment including Climate Change), Contract No.: 603378) and the AU Centre for Water Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina

    María Florencia Gutierrez

  2. Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey

    Ülkü Nihan Tavşanoğlu

  3. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark

    Nicolas Vidal & Erik Jeppesen

  4. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China

    Nicolas Vidal & Erik Jeppesen

  5. Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, CURE, Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó s/n Maldonado, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Nicolas Vidal & Franco Teixeira-de Mello

  6. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Jinlei Yu, Hu He & Zhengwen Liu

  7. Biofluids and Cardiovascular Engineering Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ayşe Idil Çakiroglu

  8. Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China

    Zhengwen Liu

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  1. María Florencia Gutierrez
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Gutierrez, M.F., Tavşanoğlu, Ü.N., Vidal, N. et al. Salinity shapes zooplankton communities and functional diversity and has complex effects on size structure in lakes. Hydrobiologia 813, 237–255 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3529-8

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