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Predatory efficiency of the copepod Megacyclops formosanus and toxic effect of the red alga Gracilaria firma-synthesized silver nanoparticles against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti

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Abstract

Vector control is a critical requirement in epidemic disease management, and improved mosquito control methods that are economic and effective are necessary. Cyclopoid copepods are common predators in numerous aquatic ecosystems and have been used as biological agents in programs to control mosquito larvae. In this study, we proposed a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the seaweed, Gracilaria firma, and combined them with the copepod, Megacyclops formosanus, for controlling the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The green synthesis of AgNPs was characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In mosquitocidal assays, the LC50 of G. firma extract against A. aegypti ranged from 0.091 (instar I) to 2.417 (pupae). LC50 of G. firma-synthesized AgNPs ranged from 25.895 (instar I) to 351.419 (pupae). Furthermore, we evaluated the predatory efficiency of copepod M. formosanus against the larvae of A. aegypti. The most characteristic effects were midgut columnar cell vacuolization, epithelium cell contents passing into the midgut lumen, and, finally, cell death. These results suggest that synthesized AgNPs in combination with copepods constitute ecofriendly and potential mosquito larvicidal agents.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan for supporting this research via Grant Nos. NSC98-2621-B-019-001-MY3, NSC101-2621-B-019-002, NSC102-2923-B-019-001-MY3, MOST 104-2621-M-019-002, and MOST 105-2621-M-019-001 to J. S. Hwang, as well as the Grant Nos. NSC 102-2811-M-019-006, MOST 103-2811-M-019-005, and MOST 104-2811-M-019-005 to L.-C. Tseng.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan

    Kandasamy Kalimuthu, Showe-Mei Lin, Li-Chun Tseng & Jiang-Shiou Hwang

  2. Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Kandasamy Kalimuthu & Chellasamy Panneerselvam

  3. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan

  4. Department of Pathology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Danshuei District, New Taipei City, 25173, Taiwan

    Chi Chou

  5. Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan

    Kun-Hsien Tsai

  6. Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kao-hsiung, 80708, Taiwan

    Jiang-Shiou Hwang

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  1. Kandasamy Kalimuthu
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  2. Chellasamy Panneerselvam
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Kalimuthu, K., Panneerselvam, C., Chou, C. et al. Predatory efficiency of the copepod Megacyclops formosanus and toxic effect of the red alga Gracilaria firma-synthesized silver nanoparticles against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti . Hydrobiologia 785, 359–372 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2943-z

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