Abstract
Cultivation of arabica coffee was implemented on the land of indigenous people outside the national park under an agroforestry program at Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) in Indonesia aiming to reduce illegal activities inside the park. Traditional cropping patterns had increased the demand for land. This repetitive activity brought indigenous people to the national park for farming. We examine the economic impacts of the arabica coffee plantation program on the income of indigenous people and the changes in local activities in the national park through interpretation of maps, imagery/aerial photography, field surveys, and interviews with 244 households. Two surveys were conducted in 2016 (before the program), and in 2021 (after the program). We discovered that the average household income of the participating farmers increased by 109% after the program, while non-participating farmers saw a comparatively lower income increase of 91%. Moreover, program participants displayed a significant reduction of 83% in their activities within the parks. Conversely, a substantial 84% of households that did not participate in the program continued engaging in persistent, regular, and intensive activities within the national park.The program's achievements can be attributed to four primary factors: (1) effective coordination among multiple stakeholders, (2) the dedication and sacrifices made by traditional leaders and their families who served as program pioneers, (3) the commitment and diligence of field extension workers and farmers in practising sustainable agriculture for the cultivation of Arabica coffee, and (4) the cooperative's successful implementation of export-standard coffee bean processing and establishment of a robust market network.
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Data of this research will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Notes
In Africa, the main causes are the opening of new land by farmers due to population increase, and in Latin America are due to settlements, infrastructure projects, and land clearing for livestock and agriculture.
Indigenous people are local communities who have migrated from their original villages into enclave areas, where they represent the original Kerinci ethnic group that had already inhabited the enclave region prior to its designation as a production forest and national park area surrounding the enclave.
Tanah Tumbuh is a region located in the Muaro Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. In the eighteenth century, it served as one of the nearest trading centers to Kerinci.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to anonymous reviewers for constructive comments. We also thank Ms. Emma Fatma in Lembaga Tumbuh Alami for assisting us to collect essential data and interviewing respondents for providing us with useful information.
Funding
Partial financial support to conduct this research was received from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific research (KAKENHI) (Number: 19K12442 and 15H05122).
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Muhammad Habib: Conducted research, data analysis, conceptualization, draft preparation, editing and reviewer response and finalizing draft. Kazuhiro Harada: Conceptualization, funding acquisition and review of the manuscript.
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We were granted permission from the Kerinci Seblat National park office to carry our this research within the national park.
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Habib, M., Harada, K. Alternative Approach for the Inclusion of Local Communities in Forest Conservation with an Increased Local Livelihood Through Local NGOs Project of Arabica Coffee Plantations in Kerinci, Indonesia. Hum Ecol 51, 1157–1169 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-023-00458-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-023-00458-1