Skip to main content
Log in

A new class of solutions that are curved in 4D but flat in 5D

  • Research Article
  • Published:
General Relativity and Gravitation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We present four new solutions of the vacuum field equations that are flat in five dimensions, but curved in four. Two are wave-like in three-dimensional space with a wavelength related to the cosmological constant. The other two are spherically symmetric in three-dimensional space and reduce to the standard Schwarzschild metric in appropriate limits. Solutions like these could be used to test for an extra dimension.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

  1. Robertson, H.P., Noonan, T.W.: Relativity and Cosmology, p. 413. Saunders, Philadelphia (1968)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Lachieze-Rey, M.: The Friedmann-Lemaître models in perspective. Embeddings of the Friedmann-Lemaître models in flat 5-dimensional space. Astron. Astrophys. 364, 894–900 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Seahra, S.S., Wesson, P.S.: The structure of the big bang from higher-dimensional embeddings. Class. Quant. Grav. 19, 1139 (2002)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Tangherlini, F.R.: Schwarzschild field inn dimensions and the dimensionality of space problem. Il Nuovo Cimento 27, 636–651 (1963)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Wesson, P.S., Overduin, J.M.: Principles of Space-Time-Matter. World Scientific, Singapore (2018)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Kalligas, D., Wesson, P.S., Everitt, C.W.F.: The classical tests in Kaluza-Klein gravity. Astrophys. J. 439, 548–557 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lim, P., Overduin, J.M., Wesson, P.S.: Light deflection in Kaluza-Klein gravity. J. Math. Phys. 36, 6907 (1995)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu, H., Overduin, J.M.: Solar-system tests of higher-dimensional gravity. Astrophys. J. 538, 386 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wesson, P.S.: “The physical nature of five-dimensional solutions: a survey.” arXiv:1104.3244 (2011)

  10. Mashhoon, B., Liu, H., Wesson, P.S.: Particle masses and the cosmological constant in Kaluza-Klein theory. Phys. Lett. B 331, 305–312 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Romero, C., Tavakol, R., Zalaletdinov, R.: The embedding of general relativity in five dimensions. Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 28, 365–376 (1996)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Wesson, P.S.: “The embedding of general relativity in five-dimensional canonical space: a short history and a review of recent physical progress.” arXiv:1011.0214 (2010)

  13. Abolghasem, G., Coley, A.A., McManus, D.J.: Induced matter theory and embeddings in Riemann flat space-times. J. Math. Phys. 37, 361 (1996)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu, H., Wesson, P.S.: A class of Kaluza-Klein solutions curved in 4D and flat in 5D. Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 30, 509–514 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hinshaw, G., et al.: Nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: cosmological parameter results. Astrophys J. Suppl. 208, 19 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Overduin, J.M., Coplan, M., Wilcomb, K., Henry, R.C.: Curvature invariants for charged and rotating black holes. Universe 6, 22 (2020)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Weinberg, S.: Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. Wiley, New York . § 8.5 (1972)

  18. Overduin, J.M., Ali, H., Walz, F.: “Constraints on space-time-matter theory in the framework of the standard-model extension,” Galaxies 9 26 (Special Issue, Lorentz Violation in Astroparticles and Gravitational Waves, ed. M. Schreck) (2021)

  19. Will, C.M.: The confrontation between general relativity and experiment. Liv. Rev. Rel. 17, 4 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Fomalont, E., Kopeikin, S., Lanyi, G., Benson, J.: Progress in measurements of the gravitational bending of radio waves using the VLBA. Astrophys. J. 699, 1395–1402 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lambert, S.B., Le Poncin-Lafitte, C.: Determining the relativistic parameter \(\gamma \) using very long baseline interferometry. Astron. Astrophys. 499, 331–335 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lambert, S.B., Le Poncin-Lafitte, C.: Improved determination of \(\gamma \) by VLBI. Astron. Astrophys. 529, A70 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Overduin, J.M., Wesson, P.S.: Kaluza-Klein gravity. Phys. Rep. 283, 303–378 (1997)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  24. Overduin, J.M.: Solar system tests of the equivalence principle and constraints on higher-dimensional gravity. Phys. Rev. D 62, 102001 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Overduin, J.M., Mitcham, J., Warecki, Z.: Expanded solar-system limits on violations of the equivalence principle. Class. Quant. Grav. 31, 015001 (2014)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Overduin, J.M., Mashhoon, B., Wesson, P.S.: Decaying dark energy in higher-dimensional gravity. Astron. Astrophys. 473, 727–731 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Overduin, J.M., Everett, R.D., Wesson, P.S.: Constraints on Kaluza-Klein gravity from gravity probe B. Gen. Relativ. Gravit 45, 1723–1731 (2013)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Alex Silbergleit for his comments on an early draft of this work. This research was supported by the the Maryland Space Grant Consortium and the Fisher College of Science and Mathematics at Towson University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James Overduin.

Additional information

The above results grew out of notes left behind by the late Paul S. Wesson, to whom we dedicate this paper.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Overduin, J., Perry, J. & Weinreb, A. A new class of solutions that are curved in 4D but flat in 5D. Gen Relativ Gravit 54, 8 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-021-02892-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10714-021-02892-2

Keywords

Navigation