Abstract
Changes in landscapes throughout time are primarily affected by a wide variety of factors, such as climatic conditions, anthropogenic activities, and even ecological successions. Land use land cover changes in the province of Rizal were traced from 1993 to 2020 using remotely sense images from Landsat collection 1-Level 1 (Landsat 4–5™ C1- Level 1 & Landsat 8 OLI/ TIRS C1 Level 1) on USGS EarthExplorer to be able to assess the changes in the landscape, since it was subjected to high rates of urbanization, drought episodes and major deforestation practices throughout the years. The accuracy of the classified LULC maps through supervised and Maximum Likelihood classification in ArgGIS 10.8 were assessed, with overall accuracies ranging from 84 to 90, and generating Kappa coefficients that ranges from 0.73 to 0.82. The increase of vegetation cover was observed primarily due to secondary succession following episodes of drought and reforestation efforts in the landscape. The conversion of barren lands to settlements and agricultural lands were brought about by the increasing population rate and economic growth in the province, since it is one of the neighboring provinces of Metropolitan Manila. The LULCC of the province throughout the time span studied is a pivotal component in terms of environmental changes. By means of the detection of these changes, and with these data at hand, mitigation of future threats and the protection of the biodiversity of the area can be further strengthened through policy suggestions, with proper landscape planning and monitoring partnered with local government units and stakeholders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bharath, H. A., Nimish, G., & Chandan, M. C. (2020). Exposition of spatial urban growth pattern using PSO-SLEUTH and identifying its effects on surface temperature. Urban Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820730-7.00004-5
Briones, N. (2015). Environmental sustainability issues in Philippine agriculture. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2(1–2), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.165781
Cabico, G. K. (2021, December). Glasgow Forest Pledge 'better', but implementation and focus on protection needed. Philstar.com. Retrieved March 2022, from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/climate-and-environment/2021/12/05/2145902/glasgow-forest-pledge-better-implementation-and-focus-protection-needed
Chase, T. N., Pielke, R. A., Sr., Kittel, T. G. F., Nemani, R. R., & Running, S. W. (2000). Simulated impacts of historical land cover changes on global climate in northern winter. Climate Dynamics, 16(2–3), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050007
Congalton, R. G. (1991). A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 37(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90048-b
Dalling, J. W. (2008). Pioneer species. Encyclopedia of Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63768-0.00534-5
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). (2016). Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape & Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve. Biodiversity and Watersheds Improved for Stronger Economy and Ecosystem Resilience (B+WISER) Program. Retrieved from https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/b+wiser/index.php/sites/umrb
Encisa- Garcia, J., Pulhin, J., Cruz, R., Simondac-Peria, A., Ramirez, M., & De Luna, C. (2020). Land use/land cover changes assessment and Forest fragmentation analysis in the Baroro River Watershed, La Union, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 2, 14–27.
Garg, V., Nikam, B. R., Thakur, P. K., Aggarwal, S. P., Gupta, P. K., & Srivastav, S. K. (2019). Human-induced land use land cover change and its impact on hydrology. HydroResearch. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2019.06.001
Hilario, F., de Guzman, R., Ortega, D., Hayman, P., & Alexander, B. (2009). El Niño Southern oscillation in the Philippines: Impacts, forecasts, and risk management. Philippine Journal of Development, 36(1), 9.
Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., & Turner, B. L. (Eds.). (1995). Regions at risk: Comparisons of threatened environments. United Nations Univ. Press.
Liping, C., Yujun, S., & Saeed, S. (2018). Monitoring and predicting land use and land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS techniques—A case study of a hilly area. PLoS ONE, 13(7), e0200493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200493
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282.
Mojares, J. (2013). Urbanization & its effect in Calabarzon. Journal of Global Intelligence and Policy, 5, 24–40.
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). (2018). Overlay of Economic Growth, Demographic Trends, and Physical Characteristics. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/03-04-26-2018.pdf.
Nazeer, M., Nichol, J., & Yung, Y. (2014). Evaluation of atmospheric correction models and landsat surface reflectance product in an urban coastal environment. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35(16), 6271–6291. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.951742
Pandela, E. I. (2016). RDC IV-A conducts tree planting at the municipality of San Mateo, Rizal: Neda Region IV-A. Calabarzon National Economic Development Authority. Retrieved from https://calabarzon.neda.gov.ph/2016/10/10/rdc-iv-a-conducts-tree-planting-at-the-municipality-of-san-mateo-rizal/
Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA) (2017). 2015 Census of Population : Demographic and Socio economic Characteristics : Rizal. Quezon City, Philippines CPH - Census of Population and Housing.
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) (2021). Highlights of the Region IV-A (CALABARZON) Population 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH). Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://psa.gov.ph/population-and-housing/node/165019
Posa, M., Diesmos, A., Sodhi, N., & Brooks, T. (2008). Hope for threatened tropical biodiversity: Lessons from the Philippines. BioScience, 58(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1641/b580309
Ramirez, M., Pulhin, J., Garcia, J., Tapia, M. A., Pulhin, F. B., Cruz, R. V., De Luna, C. C., & Inoue, M. (2019). Landscape fragmentation, ecosystem services and local knowledge in the Baroro River Watershed, Northern Philippines. Resources, 2019(8), 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8040164
Rizal Provincial Government. (2022). Agriculture. Rizal Provincial Government Official Website. Retrieved from https://www.rizalprovince.ph/pages/agriculture.html
Rwanga, S., & Ndambuki, J. (2017). Accuracy assessment of land use/land cover classification using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Geosciences, 8, 611–622. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2017.84033
Srivastava, P., Singh, S., Gupta, M., Thakur, J., & Mukherjee, S. (2013). Modeling impact of land use change trajectories on groundwater quality using remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 12(12), 2343–2355. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2013.287
Swapan, M. S. H., Ashikuzzaman, M., & Iftekhar, M. S. (2020). Dynamics of urban disaster risk paradigm: Looking through the perceived lens of the residents of informal settlements in Khulna City, Bangladesh. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 11(1), 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425320906269
Tejada, S. Q., Tuddao Jr, V. B., Juanillo, M. E., & Brampio, E. E. (2014). Drought conditions and management strategies in the Philippines. Country Report, 2–5.
Vitousek, P. M. (1997). Human domination of earth’s ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), 494–499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494
Wang, S., Munkhnasan, L., & Lee, W. (2020). Land use and land cover change detection and prediction in Bhutan’s high altitude city of Thimphu, using cellular automata and Markov chain. Environmental Challenges, 2, 100017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2020.100017
Acknowledgements
NHAD would like to acknowledge the DOST-PCAARRD for the Balik Scientist grant. KJAR is also funded under the DAAD In Country/In Region Scholarship
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Olfato-Parojinog, A., Sobremonte-Maglipon, P.A., Limbo-Dizon, J.E. et al. Land use/land cover changes (LULCC) using remote sensing analyses in Rizal, Philippines. GeoJournal 88, 6105–6118 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10959-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10959-7