Abstract
Ambient air pollution, particularly in the urban environment of developing countries, has turned out to be a major health risk factor. We explore the compounded impact of age sensitivity, exposure, poverty, co-morbidity, etc., along with composite air pollution in determining morbidity and health burden of people in Lucknow, India. This cross-sectional study is confined to analyse respiratory health status across different socio-economic and geographic locations using n = 140 in-depth questionnaire method. We used mean daily ambient air pollution data of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 for the 2008–2018 period. We used the ecological model framework to assess the risk at different hierarchical levels and compounded severity on a spatial scale. We also used Logistic regression model with log odds and odds ratio to analyze the association of risks outcomes with composite air pollution scores calculated using the principal component analysis method. There is a strong association of location-specific respiratory disease prevalence with an overall 32 percent prevalence. The prevalence of ecological model 1 (individual domain) is 4.3 percent, while ecological model 2 (community domain) has the highest prevalence at 32.4 percent. The logistic regression model shows that respiratory disease load is positively associated with age sensitivity (P < .001) and composite pollution level (P < .001). For another model with suffocation as the outcome variable, composite pollution level (P < .001) and exposure (P < .001) are positively associated. Optimum interventions are required at Ecological models 1, 2, and 3 levels for better respiratory health outcomes.
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Source Calculated on Primary Survey using R
Source Calculated on Primary Survey using R
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Uttar Pradesh State Pollution Control Board and CPCB, Government of India for their kind gesture for sharing air pollution data with authors. We also like to thank Lucknow Municipal Corporation for sharing data related to wards. We extend our warm regards to health department of state of Uttar Pradesh, particularly the Chief Medical Officer (CMO), The director, Kings George Medical College, Lucknow, and health superintendents/dy. CMOs of the respective wards for sharing crucial information related to health and disease profile. Our sincere thanks go to Prof Alok Dhawan, director, CSIR-IITR Lucknow for allowing us to access the library and get the insights on air pollution related reports on the city. We also acknowledge Aadityan R. Kurungat for providing some inputs in statistical analysis. Last but not the least, all the respondents must be thanked for giving their valuable time.
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Conceptualization: GY, RBS, SA, BWP; Writing-original draft preparation: GY, RBS, SA, BWP, Writing review and editing: GY, AM, SSD; Methodology and investigation: GY, RBS, SA, BWP, AM; Supervision: RBS, BWP, SA; Data Curation: GY, RBS, SA, BWP, AM; Validation and Visualization: SA, AM, SSD.
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Yadav, G., Singh, R.B., Anand, S. et al. Ecological model analysis of respiratory health risk factors by ambient air pollution in Lucknow, the capital City of Uttar Pradesh, India. GeoJournal 87 (Suppl 4), 469–483 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10490-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10490-7