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Resilience of socio-ecological systems in volcano risk-prone areas, but how much longer? Assessment of adaptive water governance in Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia

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Abstract

In 2012, about 1.3 million people lived on the slopes of Merapi, one of the most active volcanoes in the eastern part of Java Island in Indonesia. A majority of Merapi inhabitants, grouped together in small villages, live off agricultural income, relying on hydraulic infrastructures for their daily activities. Not only do these farming activities require a substantial amount of water, but an entire community in one village also depends on water resources to maintain its organization and functioning. The proximity of water availability and its access with community dependence on it is well illustrated by the first water management position in the community initiatives: the term socio-hydraulic system highlights the dependency of the community organization profile on water resources. However, the eruption of Merapi in 2010 and the following pyroclastic flow or lahar-related crises have recently made water availability and access to water the main challenges to be addressed by the hydraulic community. Many research projects have highlighted actions taken by the Merapi communities to face successive disasters using the resilience concept, which is closely linked to sustainability. However, the interviews we carried out in 2013, 3 years after the eruption and a few months after lahar recurrences, revealed persistent fragilities and readjustments to water management in hazard-prone areas. This present work first aims to discuss multiple social vulnerabilities and in some cases, the capacity to adapt, by investigating the hydraulic community’s responses in the face of lahar issues after the 2010 Merapi eruption. In order to reassess the resilience concept and to draw the limits of its operative aspects, studies of multi-dimensional responses to the interviews and of explicative factors have been developed within the Merapi community. Focusing on resources, people’s roles and socio-environmental risks, we discuss the main influence of the ‘cultures of risks’ observed through a 1-month period of fieldwork, a notion that add another focus to the notion of local resilience(s): in doing so, we defend the idea that risk assessments must be undertaken through a systemic approach, focusing on the coupled-notion vulnerability/resilience, and we question the limits of the operative aspect and the durability of the resilience concept on longer temporality and geographical scales.

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Sarrazin (2013)

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Notes

  1. http://www.ipgp.fr/~beaudu/merapi/biblioaz.html.

  2. The authors invite to refer to scientific project Web sites for further details: MiaVita (2008–2012) http://miavita.bfgm.fr; AXA-SEDIMER (2012–2015) http://194.57.254.69/sedimer/index.html.

  3. Based on individual interviews with villagers (March 2013). No exact numeric data.

  4. Badan Pusat Stastistik—Statistic of Indonesia (2013).

  5. For more detailed explanation, see: Mei et al. (2013).

  6. The irrigation networks studied have no local place names. Hence, we refer to them by their technical level.

  7. We distinguish conventional irrigation systems from Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems or peasant irrigation systems. The FMIST Promotion Trust set out to define this at: https://fmistnepal.wordpress.com/sixth-fmis-seminar-proceedings/.

  8. Water security issues within the disaster-risk mitigation framework were mentioned at the 23rd OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum in September 2015.

  9. In 2004 more than 1000 WUAs were created to manage 800,000 ha of land (JICA report 2003).

  10. Indonesian term referring to a collaborative, cooperate and sharing work.

  11. These explanations came from Argomulyo-village authority and were confirmed by the regional Irrigation Office of Yogyakarta (March 2013).

  12. ‘The magnitude of DRR [Disaster Risk Reduction] investment […] is still lower than the internationally accepted ratio, i.e. 1–2% national budget’ (Darwanto 2012: 2).

  13. Respondents explained us that for 95% of cases, the Gotong Royong (rituals, dances, ceremonies) duration is maximum 15 days, against 1 month and more since the 2010–2011 lahars.

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Acknowledgements

This study follows the aims of the ANR scientific project ‘SEDIMER’ for Sediment-related Disasters, following the 2010 centennial eruption of Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia (2012–2015). The article reflects the authors’ views. We are grateful to the research team from the Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia for its support during the fieldwork in Merapi as well as Pr. Franck Lavigne from the Physical Geography Laboratory and the University of Paris I for his confidence on this research and his valuable comments. We wish to thank all the Javanese villagers, farmers, fish-farmers for having offered us the valuable information that help us in our study. This manuscript would have not been complete without the discourses and points of view of these main stakeholders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Himalayan Studies – CNRS, Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense University, 9 rue Guy Môquet, 94800, Villejuif, France

    Caroline Sarrazin

  2. University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 191 rue Saint Jacques, 75005, Paris, France

    Emmanuèle Gautier

  3. Research Laboratory in Architecture, ENSA Toulouse and University of Toulouse, BP 10629, 83 rue Aristide Maillol, 31106, Toulouse CEDEX 1, France

    Annick Hollé

  4. CNRS, Centre of Physical Geography, 1 Place Aristide Briand, 92195, Meudon, France

    Emmanuèle Gautier & Delphine Grancher

  5. Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense University, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000, Nanterre, France

    Edouard de Bélizal

  6. University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Danang Sri Hadmoko

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  1. Caroline Sarrazin
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Correspondence to Caroline Sarrazin.

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Sarrazin, C., Gautier, E., Hollé, A. et al. Resilience of socio-ecological systems in volcano risk-prone areas, but how much longer? Assessment of adaptive water governance in Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia. GeoJournal 84, 183–213 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9856-5

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