Abstract
The increasing quantity of overburden (OB) removal and disposal in external dump needs proper management for active mining operation. Coal consumption in thermal plants generates huge quantity of pond ash thus, requires an alternative mode of ash disposal. In this study, attempt has been made to evaluate different geotechnical properties of OB-pond ash mix at various proportions. Effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) on compaction characteristics, shear strength parameters, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value at different curing period has been presented. It was found that mix proportion containing 78% OB, 10% pond ash, and 12% GGBFS exhibited maximum UCS and CBR value at 28 days curing period. Stability analyses of dump composed of different proportions of OB material, pond ash, and GGBFS were carried out using numerical modelling to suggest the suitable dump profile. It was observed from numerical modelling that dump profile of 60.0 m height and 32° slope angle can be suitably adopted for all mix proportions. Based on the various input parameters, empirical model and multiple regression model have been developed to predict the CBR value and factor of safety respectively. Significance of various input parameters were analysed using sensitivity analysis and found that slope angle is highly sensitive parameters.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akinmusuru JO (1991) Potential beneficial uses of steel slag wastes for civil engineering purposes. Resour Conserv Recycl 5(1):73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(91)90041-L
Alam M, Abedi V, Bassaganya-riera J, Wendelsdrof K, Bisset K, Deng X, Eubank S, Hontecillas R, Hoops S, Marathe M (2016) Agent-based modeling and high performance computing. Computational immunology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803697-6.00006-0
Al-Rawas AA (2002) Microfabric and mineralogical studies on the stabilization of an expansive soil using cement by-pass dust and some types of slags. Can Geotech J 39(5):1150–1167. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-046
Asokan P, Saxena M, Aparna A, Asolekar SR (2004) Characteristics variation of coal combustion residues in an Indian ash pond. Waste Manag Res 22(4):265–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X04045624
Behera B, Mishra MK (2012a) California bearing ratio and Brazilian tensile strength of mine overburden-fly ash-lime mixtures for mine haul road construction. Geotech Geol Eng 30(2):449–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9479-9
Behera B, Mishra MK (2012b) Strength behaviour of surface coal mine overburden–fly ash mixes stabilised with quick lime. Int J Min Reclam Environ 26(1):38–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2011.552285
Bera AK (2010) Effect of pond ash content on engineering properties of fine grained soil. In: Indian geotechnical conference, pp 405–408. http://gndec.ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2010/articles/100.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2016
Bera AK, Ghosh A, Ghosh A (2007) Compaction characteristics of pond ash. J Mater Civ Eng ASCE 19(4):349–357. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:4(349)
Bera AK, Ghosh A, Ghosh A (2009) Shear strength response of reinforced pond ash. Constr Build Mater 23(6):2386–2393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.10.008
Box GEP, Wilson KB (1951) On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodological) 13(1):1–45
Castillo C, Castillo E, Mı R (2008) Sensitivity analysis in optimization and reliability problems. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 93:1788–1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2008.03.010
Chaulya SK, Singh RS, Chakraborty MK, Dhar BB (1999) Numerical modelling of biostabilisation for a coal mine overburden dump slope. Ecol Model 114(2–3):275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00157-4
Dawson EM, Roth WH, Drescher A (1999) Slope stability analysis by strength reduction. Geotechnique 49(6):835–840. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.6.835
Deming SN, Morgan SL (1996) Experimental design: a chemo- metric approach. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Dewangan PK, Pradhan M, Ramtekkar GD (2016a) Effect of compaction density and moisture content on shear strength behaviour of fly ash mixed coal mine overburden dump material. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 11(13):1–12
Dewangan PK, Pradhan M, Ramtekkar GD (2016b) Shear strength behaviour of fly ash mixed coal mine overburden dump material and stability assessment using numerical modelling. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 11(1):615–628
Dewangan PK, Pradhan M, Ramtekkar GD (2017) An investigation into compaction California bearing ratio and shear strength behaviour of coal mine overburden dump material mixed with fly ash. Int J Earth Sci Eng 10(4):770–779
Dhane G, Agnihotri AK, Priyadarshee A, Yadav M (2014) Influence of pond ash on the behaviour of soil: a review. J Civ Eng Environ Technol 1(5):34–37
Gupta AK, Paul B (2016) Augmenting the stability of OB dump by using fly ash: a geo technical approach to sustainably manage OB dump at Jharia Coalfield. India. Current World Environ 11(1):204–211. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.11.1.25
Gupta T, Rai R, Jaiswal A, Shrivastva BK (2014) Sensitivity analysis of coal rib stability for internal mine dump in opencast mine by finite element modelling. Geotech Geol Eng 32(3):705–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9741-z
Kostic S, Vasoviv N, Sunaric D (2016) Slope stability analysis based on experimental design. Int J Geomech 16(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000551
Lenhart T, Eckhardt K, Fohrer N, Frede H (2002) Comparison of two different approaches of sensitivity analysis. Phys Chem Earth 27:645–654
Mahamaya M, Das SK (2016) Characterization of mine overburden and fly ash as a stabilized pavement material. Part Sci Technol 35(6):660–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2016.1194344
Mallick SR, Mishra MK (2013) Geotechnical characterization of clinker-stabilized fly ash–coal mine overburden mixes for subbase of mine haul road. Coal Combust Gasif Prod 5(1):49–56. https://doi.org/10.4177/CCGP-D-12-00011.1
Mallick SR, Mishra MK (2017) Evaluation of clinker stabilized fly ash-mine overburden mix as sub-base construction material for mine haul roads. Geotech Geol Eng 35(4):1629–1644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0198-8
Md Yusof Z, Mohd Harris SN, Mohamed K (2015) Compressive strength improvement of stabilized peat soil by pond ash–hydrated lime admixture. Appl Mech Mater 747:242–245. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.747.242
Olyphant GA, Harper D (1995) Effects of direct revegetation on the hydrology, erosion and sediment yield of an abandoned deposit of coal-mine refuse. Geomorphology 11(4):261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)00070-8
Poulsen B, Khanal M, Rao AM, Adhikary D, Balusu R (2014) Mine overburden dump failure: a case study. Geotech Geol Eng 32(2):297–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9714-7
Pradhan SP, Vishal V, Singh TN, Singh VK (2014) Optimisation of dump slope geometry vis-à-vis flyash utilisation using numerical simulation. Am J Min Metall 2(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmm-2-1-1
Rai A, Prabakar J, Raju CB, Morchalle RK (2002) Metallurgical slag as a component in blended cement. Constr Build Mater 16(8):489–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00046-6
Rai R, Kalita S, Gupta T, Shrivastva BK (2012a) Sensitivity analysis of internal dragline dump stability: finite element analysis. Geotech Geol Eng 30(6):1397–1404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9541-2
Rai R, Khandelwal M, Jaiswal A (2012b) Application of geogrids in waste dump stability: a numerical modeling approach. Environ Earth Sci 66:1459–1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1385-1
Rajak TK, Yadu L, Chouksey SK, Pal SK (2017) Strength characteristics of fly ash stabilized soil embankment and stability analysis using numerical modelling. In: Indian geotechnical conference 2017 GeoNEst. http://igs.org.in/portal/igc-proceedings/Theme03/Th03_404.pdf. Accessed 15 Feb 2019
Rajak TK, Yadu L, Chouksey SK, Dewangan PK (2018) Stability analysis of mine overburden dump stabilized with fly ash. Int J Geotech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1503780
Rajak TK, Yadu L, Pal SK (2019) Analysis of slope stability of fly ash stabilized soil slope. In: IVA, Maji V (eds) Geotechnical applications lecture notes in civil engineering, vol 13. Springer, Singapore, pp 1561–1564. https://doi.org/10.1029/89EO00392
Sharma AK, Sivapullaiah PV (2016) Ground granulated blast furnace slag amended fly ash as an expansive soil stabilizer. Soils Found 56(2):205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.004
Singh SP, Sharan A (2014) Strength characteristics of compacted pond ash. Geomech Geoeng 9(1):9–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.772661
Tannant DD, Kumar V (2000) Properties of fly ash stabilized haul road construction materials. Int J Surf Min Reclam Environ 14(2):121–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13895260008953308
Tannant DD, Regensburg B (2001) Guidelines for mine haul road design. University of Alberta, Edmonton
Tripathi N, Singh RS, Chaulya SK (2012) Dump stability and soil fertility of a coal mine spoil in indian dry tropical environment: a long-term study. Environ Manag 50:695–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9908-4
Trivedi A, Sud VK (2002) Grain characteristics and engineering properties of coal ash. Granul Matter 4(3):93–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-002-0114-6
Ulusay R, Arikan F, Yoleri MF, Çaǧlan D (1995) Engineering geological characterization of coal mine waste material and an evaluation in the context of back-analysis of spoil pile instabilities in a strip mine, SW Turkey. Eng Geol 40(1–2):77–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00042-9
Vijay K, Murmu M (2018) Effect of calcium lactate on compressive strength and self-healing of cracks in microbial concrete. Front Struct Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-018-0494-2
Wild S, Kinuthia JM, Jones GI, Higgins DD (1998) Effects of partial substitution of lime with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the strength properties of lime-stabilised sulphate-bearing clay soils. Engineering 51:37–53
Wong FS (1985) Slope reliability and response surface method. J Geotech Eng 111(1):32–53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:1(32)
Yadu L, Tripathi RK (2013) Effects of granulated blast furnace slag in the engineering behaviour of stabilized soft soil. Procedia Eng 51:125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.019
Yellishetty M, Darlington WJ (2011) Effects of monsoonal rainfall on waste dump stability and respective geo-environmental issues : a case study. Environ Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0791-0
Yi Y, Zheng X, Liu S, Al-tabbaa A (2015) Comparison of reactive magnesia- and carbide slag-activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag and Portland cement for stabilisation of a natural soil. Appl Clay Sci 111:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.023
Zhu H, Zhang LM, Xiao T, Li XY (2017) Enhancement of slope stability by vegetation considering uncertainties in root distribution. Comput Geotech 85:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.12.027
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rajak, T.K., Yadu, L. & Chouksey, S.K. Strength Characteristics and Stability Analysis of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) Stabilized Coal Mine Overburden-Pond Ash Mix. Geotech Geol Eng 38, 663–682 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01056-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01056-z