Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Property Correlations and Statistical Variations in the Geotechnical Properties of (CH) Clay Soils

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was focused on the correlations between the physical and mechanical properties and geostatistical analysis of the clay of high plasticity (CH) soil based on the experimental data and the data collected from various research studies. Four types of CH soil with liquid limit (LL) of 50, 62, 76 and 88% were collected from the field, tested, compared with the data from literature and qualified using hyperbolic model. X-ray diffraction analyses showed the major constituents of the CH soil with LL of 50% were calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), aluminum silicate (Al2SiO5) and quartz (SiO2) and the major constituents of the CH soil with LL of 88% were montmorillonite (Na, Ca) 0.33(Al, Mg) 2(Si4O10) (OH)2·nH2O, kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and quartz (SiO2). The index properties, compacted properties, free swelling and compressive strength of the CH soils were investigated and quantified with over 1000 data collected from the literature. Using the mean (μ), standard deviation (σ), variation (σ2) and coefficient of variation parameters of CH soils properties such as density (γ), index properties (LL and PL), compaction properties (OMC and γdmax), swelling index (FS), initial void ratio (eo), compression index (Cc) and undrained shear strength (Su) properties were also studied. Liquid limit of CH soils varied between 50 and 110% and plasticity index varied between 26 and 72%. The wet unit weight (γwet) for the CH soils varied from 1.30 to 2.19 g/cm3. Undrained shear strength (Su) of CH soils were varied from 10 to 184 kPa and quantified very well as a function of liquid limit, plasticity index, moisture content and dry density using the experimental data and data collected from the literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Mhaidib AI (2008) Mathematical model to predict swelling of expansive soil. In: The 12th international conference of international association for computer methods and advances in geomechanics (IACMAG), pp 1–6

  • Arulrajah A, Bo MW (2008) Characteristics of Singapore marine clay at Changi. Geotech Geol Eng 26(4):431–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ata A, Vipulanandan C (1998) Cohesive and adhesive properties of silicate grout on grouted-sand behavior. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(1):38–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berilgen SA, Kılıç H, Ozaydın K (2007) Determination of undrained shear strength for dredged golden horn marine clay with laboratory tests. In: Proceedings of the Sri Lankan geotechnical society’s first international conference on soil and rock engineering, August, pp 5–11

  • Bilgin Ö, Mansour E (2013) Variability of soil properties and reliability of empirical equations on soil settlement predictions. In: Foundation engineering in the face of uncertainty: honoring Fred H. Kulhawy, pp 298–307

  • Edil TB, Benson CH, Li L, Mickelson DM, Camargo FF (2009) Comparison of basic laboratory test results with more sophisticated laboratory and in situ tests methods on soils in Southeastern Wisconsin (No. WHRP 09-02)

  • Federico A (1983) Relationships (cu–w) and (cu–s) for remolded clayey soils at high water content. Riv Ital Geotec 17(1):38–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Günaydın O (2009) Estimation of soil compaction parameters by using statistical analyses and artificial neural networks. Environ Geol 57(1):203–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurtug Y, Sridharan A (2004) Compaction behavior and prediction of its characteristics of fine grained soils with particular reference to compaction energy. Soils Found 44(5):27–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horpibulsuk S, Shibuya S, Fuenkajorn K, Katkan W (2007) Assessment of engineering properties of Bangkok clay. Can Geotech J 44(2):173–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeng YS, Strohm WE (1976) Prediction of the shear strength and compaction characteristics of compacted fine-grained cohesive soils. US Waterways Experiment Station

  • Kolay PK, Pui MP (2010) Peat stabilization using gypsum and fly ash. UNIMAS E-Journal Civil Eng 1(2)

  • Lee LT (2004) Predicting geotechnical, parameters for dredged materials using the slump test method and index property correlations. DOER technical notes collection (ERDC TNDOER-D-1). US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi. http://www.wes.army.mil/el/dots/doer

  • Mercado E, McDonald JA (2002) Two new non-destructive methods to measure scour depth and the depth of unknown foundations. In: 2nd international conference on the application of geophysical and NDT methodologies to transportation facilities and infrastructure, Los Angeles, CA

  • Mohammed AS (2016) Effect of temperature on the rheological properties with shear stress limit of iron oxide nanoparticle modified bentonite-drilling muds. Egypt J Petrol. doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.10.018

  • Mohammed AS (2017) Electrical resistivity and rheological properties of sensing bentonite-drilling muds modified with lightweight polymer. Egypt J Petrol. doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.01.002

  • Mohammed A (2017) Vipulanandan model for the rheological properties with ultimate shear stress of oil well cement modified with nanoclay. doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.05.007

  • Mohammed AS, Vipulanandan C (2014) Compressive and tensile behavior of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. Geotech Geol Eng 32(1):71–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed A, Vipulanandan C (2015) Testing and modeling the short-term behavior of Lime and Fly Ash treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. Geotech Geol Eng 33(4):1099–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraj TS, Pandian NS, Narasimha-Raju PSR (1993) Stress state-permeability relationships for fine-grained soils. Geotechnique 43(2):333–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraj HB, Reesha B, Sravan MV, Suresh MR (2015) Correlation of compaction characteristics of natural soils with modified plastic limit. Transp Geotech 2:65–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramiah BK, Viswanath V, Krishnamurthy HV (1970) Interrelationship of compaction and index properties. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Southeast Asian conference on soil engineering, Singapore, pp 577–587

  • Salih N, Mohammed A (2017) Characterization and modeling of long-term stress–strain behavior of water confined pre-saturated gypsum rock in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Rock Mech Geotech Eng. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan A, Nagaraj HB (2000) Compressibility behavior of remolded, fine-grained soils and correlation with index properties. Can Geotech J 37(3):712–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan A, Nagaraj HB (2005) Plastic limit and compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils. Ground Improv 9(1):17–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sridharan A, Rao Raghuveer P (2004) Characterization of Ariake and other marine clays. In: International symposium on lowland technology (ISLT-2004), pp 53–58

  • Tiwari B, Ajmera B (2011) A new correlation relating the shear strength of reconstituted soil to the proportions of clay minerals and plasticity characteristics. Appl Clay Sci 53(1):48–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usluogullari OF, Vipulanandan C (2011) Stress-strain behavior and California bearing ratio of artificially cemented sand. J Test Eval 39(4):637–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed AS (2014) Hyperbolic rheological model with shear stress limit for acrylamide polymer modified bentonite-drilling muds. J Petrol Sci Eng 122:38–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2015a) Effect of nanoclay on the electrical resistivity and rheological properties of smart and sensing bentonite drilling muds. J Petrol Sci Eng 130:86–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2015b) XRD and TGA, swelling and compacted properties of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. J Test Eval 44(6):2270–2284

    Google Scholar 

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2015c) Smart cement modified with iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance the piezoresistive behavior and compressive strength for oil well applications. Smart Mater Struct 24(12):125020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2015d) Smart cement rheological and piezoresistive behavior for oil well applications. J Petrol Sci Eng 135:50–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2017) Rheological Properties of piezoresistive smart cement slurry modified with iron-oxide nanoparticles for oil-well applications. J Test Eval. doi:10.1520/JTE20150443

  • Vipulanandan C, Kim MS, Harendra S (2006) Microstructural and geotechnical properties of Houston-Galveston area soft clays, proceeding, Geo Denver, Denver, USA

  • Vipulanandan C, Ahossin Guezo YJ, Bilgin Ö (2007). Geotechnical properties of marine and deltaic soft clays. In: Advances in measurement and modeling of soil behavior, pp 1–13

  • Vipulanandan C, Kim MS, Harendra S (2007) Microstructural and geotechnical properties of Houston–Galveston area soft clays. In: Advances in measurement and modeling of soil behavior, pp 1–11

  • Vipulanandan C, Guezo YJ, Bilgin O (2007) Geotechnical properties of marine and deltaic soft clays. In: Proceedings, Geo Denver, Denver, USA

  • Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A, Samuel RG (2017) Smart Bentonite drilling muds modified with iron oxide nanoparticles and characterized based on the electrical resistivity and rheological properties with varying magnetic field strengths and temperatures. In: Offshore technology conference. Offshore Technology Conference

  • Westerberg B, Müller R, Larsson S (2015) Evaluation of undrained shear strength of Swedish fine-grained sulphate soils. Eng Geol 188:77–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yılmaz I (2000) Evaluation of shear strength of clayey soils by using their liquidity index. Bull Eng Geol Env 59(3):227–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thanks, Dr. Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan Director of the Center for Innovative Grouting Materials and Technology (CIGMAT) at the University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq-Kurdistan Region, Iraq

    Ahmed S. Mohammed

Authors
  1. Ahmed S. Mohammed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed S. Mohammed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohammed, A.S. Property Correlations and Statistical Variations in the Geotechnical Properties of (CH) Clay Soils. Geotech Geol Eng 36, 267–281 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0325-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0325-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation