Skip to main content
Log in

Present Time

  • Published:
Foundations of Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Again, the ‘now’ which seems to bound the past and the future – does it always remain one and the same or is it always other and other? It is hard to say.

Aristotle.

Abstract

The idea of a moving present or ‘now’ seems to form part of our most basic beliefs about reality. Such a present, however, is not reflected in any of our theories of the physical world. I show in this article that presentism, the doctrine that only what is present exists, is in conflict with modern relativistic cosmology and recent advances in neurosciences. I argue for a tenseless view of time, where what we call ‘the present’ is just an emergent secondary quality arising from the interaction of perceiving self-conscious individuals with their environment. I maintain that there is no flow of time, but just an ordered system of events.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The curvature is represented by the Riemann tensor \(R_{abcd}\), formed with second derivatives of the metric (see, e.g. Hawking and Ellis 1973).

  2. For a complete account of causality as a relation between events see Bunge (1979).

  3. My italics.

  4. Although I am considering the momentum, a conserved quantity, in this example, conservation laws do not seem to play a role in the phenomenon, since these kind of correlations are observed in the polarization of photons, which certainly in not a conserved quantity (see Maudlin 2002).

References

  • Bunge, M. (1967). Foundations of physics. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, M. (1977). Treatise of basic philosophy. Ontology I: The furniture of the world. Dordrecht: Reidel.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, M. (1979). Causality in modern science (2nd ed.). New York: Dover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, T. (2003). Presentism. In M. J. Loux & D. W. Zimmerman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of metaphysics (pp. 211–245). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, T. (2008). Presentism, eternalism and relativity physics. In W. L. Craig & Q. Smith (Eds.), Einstein, relativity and absolute simultaneity (pp. 262–278). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagleman, D. M., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2000). Motion integration and postdiction in visual awareness. Science, 287, 20362038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagleman, D. M. (2009). Brain time. Edge. http://edge.org/conversation/braintime.

  • Einstein, A. (1905). Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper. Annalen der Physik, 17(10), 891–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Einstein, A. (1915). Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 844–847.

  • Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935). Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? Physical Review, 47(10), 777780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grünbaum, A. (1973). Philosophical problems of space and time (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Reidel.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hartle, J. B. (2005). The physics of now. American Journal of Physics, 73, 101–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawking, S., & Ellis, G. F. R. (1973). The large-scale structure of space–time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1893). The principles of psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmarkar, U. R., & Buonomano, D. V. (2007). Timing in the absence of clocks: Encoding time in neural network states. Neuron, 53, 427–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, E. R. (1882). The alternative: A study in psychology. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Poidevin, R. (2009). The experience and perception of time. The Standfrod Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/.

  • Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., Delattre, L. D., Levin, G., & Feinstein, B. (1964). Production of threshold levels of conscious sensation by electrical stimulation of human somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 27, 546–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B. (1973). Electrical stimulation of cortex in human subjects and conscious sensory aspects. In A. Iggo (Ed.), Handbook of sensors physiology (Vol. 2, pp. 743–790). Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Libet, B. (2004). Mind time—The temporal factor in consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maudlin, T. (2002). Quantum nonlocality and relativity. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McTaggart, J. M. E. (1908). Unreality of time. Mind, 17, 456–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez Bergliaffa, S. E., Romero, G. E., & Vucetich, H. (1993). Axiomatic foundations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics: A realistic approach. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 32, 1507–1522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez Bergliaffa, S. E., Romero, G. E., & Vucetich, H. (1996). Axiomatic foundations of quantum mechanics revisited: The case for systems. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 35, 1805–1819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poeppel, E. (1978). Time perception. In R. Held, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol. VIII: Perception (pp. 713–729). Berlin: Springer.

  • Romero, G. E. (2013). From change to spacetime: An Eleatic journey. Foundations of Science, 18, 139–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero, G. E., & Pérez, D. (2011). Time and irreversibility in an accelerating universe. International Journal of Modern Physics D, 20, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero, G. E., & Vila, G. S. (2013). Introduction to black hole astrophysics. Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, S. (2002). How relativity contradicts presentism. In C. Callender (Ed.), Time, reality & experience, Royal Institute of Philosophy (pp. 277–292). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Stetson, C., Fiesta, M. P., & Eagleman, D. M. (2007). Does time really slow down during a frightening event? PLoS ONE, 2(12), e1295. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tooley, M. (2008). A defense of absolute simultaneity. In W. L. Craig & Q. Smith (Eds.), Einstein, relativity and absolute simultaneity (pp. 229–243). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wald, R. M. (1994). Quantum field theory in curved spacetime and black hole thermodynamics. Chicago: The Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, D. (2011). Presentism and the space–time manifold. In C. Callender (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of philosophy of time (pp. 163–244). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gustavo E. Romero.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Romero, G.E. Present Time. Found Sci 20, 135–145 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-014-9356-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-014-9356-0

Keywords

Navigation