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State of the Art Methodologies for the Estimation of Fire Costs in Buildings to Support Cost–Benefit Analysis

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Abstract

Fires can lead to costly building damage as well as loss of lives and injuries. Installed to protect buildings from fire, or to limit the damage from such outbreaks, fire protection measures are a common feature in buildings. However, these features come at a cost. Although quite ubiquitous in buildings, the value of these features to private individuals and to society is not fully understood. To understand their value, a cost benefit analysis detailing the costs and benefits of fire protection measures is needed. Carrying out such an analysis requires methods for computing both the cost of these fire protection measures, and losses from fires (including both direct and indirect losses). This study outlines methodologies for evaluating those costs and losses. An exhaustive collection of available data necessary for estimating both costs and losses is presented. Several limitations in current methodologies and data constraints were identified, with recommendations proposed to address these shortcomings. Relevant sections of a study by the authors that refines fire protection cost estimation at national and sub-national levels are emphasized, including updated building categories, guidance on computing multipliers, and detailed cost calculation methods for installation and maintenance costs. The calculation uses regularly updated U.S. Census Bureau construction data, ensuring timely multiplier updates. The insights and suggestions presented in this study will ultimately refine the process of selecting fire protection strategies that maximize the net benefit of fire protection measures for both private stakeholders and society at large.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) for the funding through the project “Economic Impact of Fire: Cost and Impact of Fire Protection in Buildings”. The authors thank Amanda Kimball, Birgitte Messerschmidt, and the members of the Project Technical Panel for their support.

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Fire Protection Research Foundation

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Utah State University, Logan, United States

    Ikwulono David Unobe

  2. Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Andrea Lucherini

  3. University of Maryland, College Park, United States

    Shuna Ni

  4. John Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States

    Thomas Gernay

  5. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Andrea Lucherini, Ranjit Chaudhary & Ruben Van Coile

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  1. Ikwulono David Unobe
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  2. Andrea Lucherini
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  3. Shuna Ni
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  5. Ranjit Chaudhary
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  6. Ruben Van Coile
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Correspondence to Shuna Ni.

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Unobe, I.D., Lucherini, A., Ni, S. et al. State of the Art Methodologies for the Estimation of Fire Costs in Buildings to Support Cost–Benefit Analysis. Fire Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01561-5

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