Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Does the unemployment rate matter for environmental issues in the G7 nations? New testing for the environmental Phillips curve using the load capacity factor

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Environmental decay is one of the few facts on which all nations throughout the world could agree. In this intricate context, Kashem & Rahman (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 31153–31170, 2020) introduced the Environmental Phillips Curve to underscore the association between unemployment and environmental dilapidation, a correlation that has been further scrutinized in subsequent studies. Nonetheless, no reexamination of the EPC proposition has been conducted in G7 members, particularly considering the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) as a robust ecological indicator. This limitation prompted this investigation to re-evaluate the EPC hypothesis and the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) in G7 members over the period 1980 to 2021 using various tests and estimation methods, including slope homogeneity tests, cross-section dependence (CSD) tests, second-generation unit root and co-integration tests, PMG-ARDL and CS-ARDL estimations, and the causality check using Juodis et al. (Empirical Economics 60(1): 93–112, 2021) procedure. The empirical findings validate the existence of both the EPC and LCC hypotheses, revealing a negative correlation among unemployment and ecological deterioration, while the link between GDP and LCF exhibits a U-shaped association. Furthermore, the study recommends that G7 economies should create environmentally friendly jobs in areas with high unemployment rates by encouraging companies to operate in the environmental sector, such as the renewable energy markets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The authors will provide the data upon reasonable requests.

References

  • Abbasi, M. A., Parveen, S., Khan, S., & Kamal, M. A. (2020). Urbanization and energy consumption effects on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Asian-8 countries using panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(15), 18029–18043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adebayo, T. S., & Samour, A. (2023). Renewable energy, fiscal policy and load capacity factor in BRICS countries: novel findings from panel nonlinear ARDL model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 4365–4389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adesina, K. S., & Mwamba, J. W. M. (2019). Does economic freedom matter for CO2 emissions? Lessons from Africa. The Journal of Developing Areas. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2019.0044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: Does financial globalization matter? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, A., Uddin, G. S., & Sohag, K. (2016). Biomass energy, technological progress and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from selected European countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 90, 202–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akadiri, S. S., Adebayo, T. S., Riti, J. S., Awosusi, A. A., & Inusa, E. M. (2022). The effect of financial globalization and natural resource rent on load capacity factor in India: An analysis using the dual adjustment approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(59), 89045–89062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alola, A. A., Özkan, O., & Usman, O. (2023). Role of non-renewable energy efficiency and renewable energy in driving environmental sustainability in India: Evidence from the load capacity factor hypothesis. Energies, 16(6), 2847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anser, M. K., Apergis, N., Syed, Q. R., & Alola, A. A. (2021). Exploring a new perspective of sustainable development drive through environmental Phillips curve in the case of the BRICST countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(35), 48112–48122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W., & Malik, S. (2022). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO 2 emissions: Evidence from selected Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aslan, A., Ocal, O., & Özsolak, B. (2022). Testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA by avoiding aggregation bias: A microstudy by subsectors. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(27), 41684–41694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awosusi, A. A., Kutlay, K., Altuntaş, M., Khodjiev, B., Agyekum, E. B., Shouran, M., Elgbaily, M., & Kamel, S. (2022). A roadmap toward achieving sustainable environment: evaluating the impact of technological innovation and globalization on load capacity factor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayad, H., Sari Hassoun, S. E., & Mostefa, B. (2020). Causality between government expenditure and economic growth in Algeria: Explosive behavior tests and frequency domain spectral causality. Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research. https://doi.org/10.24818/18423264/54.2.20.19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayad, H., Lefilef, A., & Ben-Salha, O. (2023a). A revisit of the EKC hypothesis in top polluted African countries via combining the ARMEY curve into the Kuznets curve: A Fourier ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(33), 81151–81163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27980-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayad, H. (2023). Investigating the fishing grounds load capacity curve in G7 nations: Evaluating the influence of human capital and renewable energy use. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194, 115413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayad, H., Hassoun, S. S., Abdelkader, S. B., & Sallam, O. A. A. J. (2024). Assessing deforestation in the Brazilian forests: An econometric inquiry into the load capacity curve for deforestation. Forest Policy and Economics, 159, 103135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayad, H., Sari-Hassoun, S. E., Usman, M., & Ahmad, P. (2023b). The impact of economic uncertainty, economic growth and energy consumption on environmental degradation in MENA countries: Fresh insights from multiple thresholds NARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1806–1824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydin, M., Degirmenci, T., & Yavuz, H. (2023). The influence of multifactor productivity, research and development expenditure, renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in G7 countries: Testing the environmental kuznets curve hypothesis. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 28, 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aziz, S., & Chowdhury, S. A. (2023). Analysis of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions using the STIRPAT model: A case study of Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(5), 3945–3965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battaglia, M., Sampling, N., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Publication date. https://edge.sagepub.com/system/files/Ch5NonprobabilitySampling.pdf. Accessed on 16 Jun 2023.

  • Bhowmik, R., Syed, Q. R., Apergis, N., Alola, A. A., & Gai, Z. (2021). Applying a dynamic ARDL approach to the environmental Phillips curve (EPC) hypothesis amid monetary, fiscal, and trade policy uncertainty in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomquist, J., & Westerlund, J. (2013). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels with serial correlation. Economics Letters, 121(3), 374–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy. (2023). Statistical review of world energy. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html. Accessed 23 sep 2023

  • Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: a survey. CAFE Research Paper, (13.15)

  • Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, J., Ahmed, Z., Alvarado, R., & Ahmad, M. (2023). Assessing the nexus between human capital, green energy, and load capacity factor: Policymaking for achieving sustainable development goals. Gondwana Research., 129, 452–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daştan, M., & Eygü, H. (2023). An empirical investigation of the link between economic growth, unemployment, and ecological footprint in Turkey: Bridging the EKC and EPC hypotheses. Environment, Development and Sustainability,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04106-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demetrescu, M., & Hanck, C. (2012). Unit root testing in heteroscedastic panels using the Cauchy estimator. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 30(2), 256–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhaene, G., & Jochmans, K. (2015). Split-panel jackknife estimation of fixed-effect models. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(3), 991–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1994). Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence and technology. Human Ecology Review, 1(2), 277–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinda, S., & Coondoo, D. (2006). Income and emission: A panel data-based cointegration analysis. Ecological Economics, 57(2), 167–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djedaiet, A. (2023). Does environmental quality react asymmetrically to unemployment and inflation rates? African OPEC countries’ perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(46), 102418–102427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djedaiet, A., Ayad, H., & Ben-Salha, O. (2024). Oil prices and the load capacity factor in African oil-producing OPEC members: Modeling the symmetric and asymmetric effects. Resources Policy, 89, 104598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan, A., & Pata, U. K. (2022). The role of ICT, R&D spending and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: Testing the LCC hypothesis for G7 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380, 135038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du, M., Kawashima, S., Yonemura, S., Zhang, X., & Chen, S. (2004). Mutual influence between human activities and climate change in the Tibetan Plateau during recent years. Global and Planetary Change, 41(3–4), 241–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth: Complacency concerning this component of man’s predicament is unjustified and counterproductive. Science, 171(3977), 1212–1217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G7 Hiroshima summit, (2023). G7 Climate, Energy and Environment Ministers’ Communiqué. Available at: https://www.meti.go.jp/information/g7hirosima/energy/pdf/G7MinistersCommunique2023.pdf. Accessed at 16 Jun 2023

  • Global Footprint Network. (2023). Country trends. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?type=BCpc,EFCpc&cn=79. Accessed 26 Sep 2023

  • Granados, J. A. T., & Spash, C. L. (2019). Policies to reduce CO2 emissions: Fallacies and evidence from the United States and California. Environmental Science & Policy, 94, 262–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guloglu, B., Caglar, A. E., & Pata, U. K. (2023). Analyzing the determinants of the load capacity factor in OECD countries: Evidence from advanced quantile panel data methods. Gondwana Research, 118, 92–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herwartz, H., Maxand, S., & Walle, Y. M. (2017). Heteroskedasticity-robust unit root testing for trending panels. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2992513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herwartz, H., & Siedenburg, F. (2008). Homogenous panel unit root tests under cross sectional dependence: Finite sample modifications and the wild bootstrap. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 53(1), 137–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., Villanthenkodath, M. A., & Haseeb, M. (2023). The nexus between eco‐friendly technology and environmental degradation in India: Does the N or inverted N‐shape load capacity curve(LCC) hypothesis hold? Natural Resources Forum, 47(2), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Energy Agency IEA, (2021). Achieving Net Zero Electricity Sectors in G7 Members, Available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9a1c057a-385a-4659-80c5-3ff40f217370/AchievingNetZeroElectricitySectorsinG7Members.pdf. Accessed in 16 Jun 2023.

  • Jahanger, A., Hossain, M. R., Onwe, J. C., Ogwu, S. O., Awan, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2023). Analyzing the N-shaped EKC among top nuclear energy generating nations: A novel dynamic common correlated effects approach. Gondwana Research, 116, 73–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, L., Bao, A., Guo, H., & Ndayisaba, F. (2017). Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia. Science of the Total Environment, 599, 967–980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juodis, A., Karavias, Y., & Sarafidis, V. (2021). A homogeneous approach to testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 93–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashem, M. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental Phillips curve: OECD and Asian NICs perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 31153–31170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. K., Trinh, H. H., Khan, I. U., & Ullah, S. (2022). Sustainable economic activities, climate change, and carbon risk: An international evidence. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(7), 9642–9664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, U., Khan, A. M., Khan, M. S., Ahmed, P., Haque, A., & Parvin, R. A. (2023). Are the impacts of renewable energy use on load capacity factors homogeneous for developed and developing nations? Evidence from the G7 and E7 nations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(9), 24629–24640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasisi, T. T., Alola, A. A., Eluwole, K. K., Ozturen, A., & Alola, U. V. (2020). The environmental sustainability effects of income, labour force, and tourism development in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 21231–21242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. Q., & Feng, C. (2022). The effects of nurturing pressure and unemployment on carbon emissions: Cross-country evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(34), 52013–52032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maduka, A. C., Ogwu, S. O., & Ekesiobi, C. S. (2022). Assessing the moderating effect of institutional quality on economic growth—carbon emission nexus in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(43), 64924–64938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massagony, A., & Budiono. (2022). Is the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis valid on CO2 emissions in Indonesia? International Journal of Environmental Studies, 80, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, A. (2016). Is unemployment good for the environment? Resource and Energy Economics, 45, 18–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, C.-F., Yii, K.-J., Lau, L.-S., & Go, Y.-H. (2022). Unemployment rate, clean energy, and ecological footprint in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 42863–42872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17966-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onifade, S. T. (2022). Retrospecting on resource abundance in leading oil-producing African countries: How valid is the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in a sectoral composition framework? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(35), 52761–52774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opuala, C. S., Omoke, P. C., & Uche, E. (2023). Sustainable environment in West Africa: The roles of financial development, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization and natural resource depletion. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(1), 423–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Do renewable energy and health expenditures improve load capacity factor in the USA and Japan? A new approach to environmental issues. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(9), 1427–1439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). Exploring the impact of tourism and energy consumption on the load capacity factor in Turkey: A novel dynamic ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(9), 13491–13503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K., & Isik, C. (2021). Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: A novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting. Resources Policy, 74, 102313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K., & Kartal, M. T. (2023). Impact of nuclear and renewable energy sources on environment quality: Testing the EKC and LCC hypotheses for South Korea. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 55(2), 587–594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K., Kartal, M. T., Erdogan, S., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2023). The role of renewable and nuclear energy R&D expenditures and income on environmental quality in Germany: Scrutinizing the EKC and LCC hypotheses with smooth structural changes. Applied Energy, 342, 121138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K., & Samour, A. (2023). Assessing the role of the insurance market and renewable energy in the load capacity factor of OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(16), 48604–48616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations? Sustainability, 15(2), 960.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashem Pesaran, M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rayhan, I., Al Nahian, M. A., & Siddika, A. (2020). Re-evaluating the environmental Kuznets curve and environmental Phillips curve in Bangladesh: An augmented ARDL bounds test approach with a structural break. The Jahangirnagar Economic Review, 31, 109–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raza, S. A., & Shah, N. (2018). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in G7 countries: The role of renewable energy consumption and trade. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 26965–26977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq, M., Kannaiah, D., Yahya Khan, G., Shabbir, M. S., Bilal, K., & Zamir, A. (2023). Does sustainable environmental agenda matter? The role of globalization toward energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(1), 76–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satrovic, E., Cetindas, A., Akben, I., & Damrah, S. (2023). Do natural resource dependence, economic growth and transport energy consumption accelerate ecological footprint in the most innovative countries? The moderating role of technological innovation. Gondwana Research., 127, 116–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz, M., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Sinha, A. (2019). Foreign direct Investment–CO2 emissions nexus in Middle East and North African countries: Importance of biomass energy consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 603–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shang, Y., Razzaq, A., Chupradit, S., An, N. B., & Abdul-Samad, Z. (2022). The role of renewable energy consumption and health expenditures in improving load capacity factor in ASEAN countries: Exploring new paradigm using advance panel models. Renewable Energy, 191, 715–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182–3192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanveer, A., Song, H., Faheem, M., & Chaudhry, I. S. (2022). Validation of environmental Philips curve in Pakistan: A fresh insight through ARDL technique. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(17), 25060–25077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17099-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tariq, S., Mehmood, U., Ul Haq, Z., & Mariam, A. (2022). Exploring the existence of environmental Phillips curve in South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(23), 35396–35407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K. E. (2018). Climate change caused by human activities is happening and it already has major consequences. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 36(4), 463–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah, S., Luo, R., Adebayo, T. S., & Kartal, M. T. (2023). Paving the ways toward sustainable development: the asymmetric effect of economic complexity, renewable electricity, and foreign direct investment on the environmental sustainability in BRICS-T. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 48, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, G., Wang, C., Wang, J., & Zhang, X. (2022). The income inequality-CO2 emissions nexus: Transmission mechanisms. Ecological Economics, 195, 107360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., Sun, J., Li, R., & Pata, U. K. (2023). Linking trade openness to load capacity factor: The threshold effects of natural resource rent and corruption control. Gondwana Research, 129, 371–380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., & Li, L. (2021). The effects of population aging, life expectancy, unemployment rate, population density, per capita GDP, urbanization on per capita carbon emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28, 760–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B., & Pham, T. L. H. (2020). Biomass energy production and its impacts on the ecological footprint: An investigation of the G7 countries. Science of the Total Environment, 743, 140741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2023). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Accessed 23 Sep 2023

  • World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators. Databank, World Bank

  • Wu, R., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Feng, K. (2021). The drivers of declining CO2 emissions trends in developed nations using an extended STIRPAT model: A historical and prospective analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, J., Karavias, Y., Juodis, A., Sarafidis, V., & Ditzen, J. (2023). Improved tests for Granger noncausality in panel data. The Stata Journal, 23(1), 230–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, L., Khan, Y. A., Arshed, N., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Investigating the impact of economic growth on environment degradation in developing economies through STIRPAT model approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 182, 113365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dace, Xu., Salem, S., Awosusi, A. A., Abdurakhmanova, G., Altuntaş, M., Oluwajana, D., Kirikkaleli, D., & Ojekemi, O. (2022a). Load capacity factor and financial globalization in Brazil: the role of renewable energy and urbanization. Frontiers in Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.823185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T. S., & Altuntaş, M. (2022b). Carbon neutrality target in Turkey: Measuring the impact of technological innovation and structural change. Gondwana Research, 109, 429–441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, W. X., Samour, A., Yi, K., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). Do technological innovation, natural resources and stock market development promote environmental sustainability? Novel evidence based on the load capacity factor. Resources Policy, 82, 103397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

There is no funding for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LEPPESE Laboratory, University Centre of Maghnia, Maghnia, Algeria

    Hicham Ayad

  2. Department of Economics, Djilali Bounaama University, Khemis Miliana, Algeria

    Aissa Djedaiet

Authors
  1. Hicham Ayad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Aissa Djedaiet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Hicham Ayad: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing—Original Draft. Aissa Djedaiet: Data Curation, Visualization, Writing—Review & Editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hicham Ayad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors confirm that there is no competing interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

See Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
figure 5

The LCF's historical development in G7 countries

Full size image

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ayad, H., Djedaiet, A. Does the unemployment rate matter for environmental issues in the G7 nations? New testing for the environmental Phillips curve using the load capacity factor. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04956-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04956-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation