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Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of heavy metal (loid)s concentration in groundwater and surface water from hard-rock terrain, Ranchi, India

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Abstract

This study explores seasonal variation in heavy metal(loid)s [HMs] enrichment in water and its adverse effect on human health in urban and peri-urban areas of Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Surface and groundwater samples for November 2021 (Post-monsoon) and May 2022 (Pre-monsoon) were analysed for EC, pH, TDS, and 12 HMs concentrations. U was detected for the first time in groundwater samples, indicating groundwater interaction with the granitic aquifer might be a dominant process for the release of U in the aquifer system. Further, calculated pollution indices revealed that groundwater samples from industrial and urban regions are at high pollution risk. Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn show a significant positive correlation with the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) in both seasons, making these HMs the primary groundwater pollutants. One-way ANOVA analysis suggested that there was a significant seasonal difference in the mean concentrations of HMs, indicating monsoonal recharge a regulating factor. The spatial distribution map revealed a significant amount of contamination in urban centres and industrial areas, confirming the influence of anthropogenic activities and urbanisation on groundwater contamination. Health risk assessment revealed that children are more vulnerable to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazards. This study provides a database for decision makers to choose area of concern and will help in the effective execution of sustainable water management strategies for urban centres.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the editors and reviewers for their valuable suggestions that have improved the manuscript substantially. A.H. acknowledges the fellowship and support received through Maulana Azad National Fellowship for Minority Students (No. F. 82-27/2019 (SA-III): UGC-Ref. No.: 2591/(CSIR-UGC NET JUNE 2019), [University Grants Commission (UGC), Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India] at the Department of Geology, AMU, Aligarh.

Funding

The first author acknowledges the financial support from the University Grants Commission (UGC), Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Government of India in the form of Maulana Azad National Fellowship for Minority Students (No. F. 82–27/2019 (SA-III): UGC-Ref. No.: 2591/ (CSIR-UGC NET JUNE 2019).

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  1. Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India

    Afreen Haidery, Rashid Umar & Imran Khan

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  1. Afreen Haidery
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AH: Fieldwork, analysis, Software; Writing- Original draft preparation; RU: Conceptualization, Supervision, Reviewing, and Editing; IK: Conceptualization, writing original draft preparation, Reviewing and Editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rashid Umar.

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Haidery, A., Umar, R. & Khan, I. Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of heavy metal (loid)s concentration in groundwater and surface water from hard-rock terrain, Ranchi, India. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04658-7

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