Abstract
Sports activities are one of the tools of Agenda 2030 within the scope of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). Motorsports have also recognized its impact on the natural environment and developed strategies to address related issues. It is not apparent whether the F1 organization is a green sport to meet the SDGs, despite some evidence from studies so far. This study aims to analyze F1 processes in the context of sustainable development goals using the TBL (Triple Bottom Line) methodology. For this purpose, spectator behavior, plans, projects, and practices of F1, FIA, and racing teams were pooled. Mobility in the local government and private sector is also taken into account. Data were grouped according to SDGs (17 targets, 169 sub-targets, and 231 indicators). The analysis was carried out within the framework of the Triple Bottom Line (Economic, Social, and Environmental). The results show that motorsports have also recognized its impact on the natural environment and developed strategies to address related issues. F1 is trying to become a green sport, but not yet to a sufficient level.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability statement
For questions regarding data sets, contact the corresponding author.
References
Absalyamov, T. (2015). The influence of cultural and sports mega-events on sustainable development of the city. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188(1), 197–201.
Almedia, A. C. L., & Davey, P. (2020). Integrating health promotion into sustainable development goal 11: Major challenges and learned lessons from healthy municipalities, cities and communities (HMC) in Brazil. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 59(5), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2020.1808042
Andranovich, G., Burbank, M. J., & Heying, C. H. (2001). Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega-event politics. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(2), 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2166.00079
Angus, T., Aylett, C., Henry, N., & Jenkins, M. (2007). Motorsport going global: The challenges facing the world’s motorsport industry. Palgrave-MacMillan.
Argüelles, L., Cole, H. V. S., & Anguelovski, I. (2021). Rail-to-park transformations in 21st century modern cities: Green gentrification on track. Environment and Planning e: Nature and Space, 5(2), 810–834. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211010064
Arjunan, A., & Baroutaji, A. (2021). Sound pressure level of a formula 3 car and influence of detachable muffler-tip. Results in Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100261
Arora-Jonsson, S., & Agren, M. (2019). Bringing diversity to nature: Politicizing gender, race and class in environmental organizations. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 2(4), 874–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619866381
Asker, A. (2010). Türkiye’nin formula 1 rüyası: Ekonomi politik bir değerlendirme [Formula 1 dream of Turkey: A politic-economic assessment]. Journal of Communication Theory and Research, 31, 79–102.
Australian Grand Prix Report. (2019). AGPC annual report combined in 2019.
Australian Grand Prix Report. (2021). AGPC annual report combined in 2021.
Balestrieri, S., Daidone, L., Di Giovanni, M. A., Di Matteo, L., & Pagliari, E. (2023). ACI for safety and sustainability in motorsport. Transportation Research Procedia, 69, 871–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.02.247
Bebbington, J., & Unerman, J. (2018). Achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals: An enabling role for accounting research. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-05-2017-2929
Beilin, R., & Hunter, A. (2011). Co-constructing the sustainable city: How indicators help us “grow” more than just food in community gardens. Local Environment, 16(6), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.555393
Benson, A. (2019). Formula 1 launches a plan to become carbon neutral by 2030. Retrieved January 22, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/50382898
Bjerke, R., & Naess, H. R. (2021). Toward a co-Creation framework for developing a green sports event brand: The case of the 2018 Zürich E Prix. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 25(2), 129–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.1895872
Boretti, A. (2013). F1 2014: Turbocharged and downsized ice and kers boost. World Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 9(2), 150–160.
Boretti, A. (2020). Energy flow of a 2018 FIA F1 Racing car and proposed changes to the powertrain rules. De Gruyter, 9, 28–37.
Brown, J. W. H., Stanton, N. A., & Revell, K. M. A. (2020). Usability assessment of steering wheel control interfaces in motorsport. Automotive Innovation, 3(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42154-020-00088-z
Brundtland Report. (1987). Brundtland report. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://www.are.admin.ch/are/en/home/sustainable-development/international-cooperation/2030agenda/un-_-milestones-in-sustainable-development/1987--brundtland-report.html
Budzinski, O., & Feddersen, A. (2015). Fundamentals of sports demand: Theory and empirics of factors influencing spectator demand. Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers, 94, 1–37.
Budzinski, O., & Feddersen, A. (2019). Measuring competitive balance in Formula One Racing. Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers, 121, 1–29.
Burns, J., Hatch, J., & Mules, T. (1986). The adelaide grand prix: The impact of a special event. The Centre for South Australian Economic Studies, 15(3), 455–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(88)90040-0
Buse, K., & Hawsen, S. (2015). Health in the sustainable development goals: ready for a paradigm shift? Globalization and Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-015-0098-8
Byeon, M. (2002). The Korean hotel sector’s perspectives on the potential impact of co-hosting the 2002 Football World Cup Korea/Japan. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis], University of Otago.
Carreira, F., Aguiar, A. C., Onça, F., & Monzoni, M. (2017). The Celsius game: An experiential activity on management education simulating the complex challenges for the two-degree climate change target. The International Journal of Management Education, 15(2), 350–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2017.03.012
Cashman, R. (2010). Impact of the games on Olympic Host Cities. Edition, Centre d’Estudis Olímpics.
Chidester, P. J. (2009). The toy store of life: Myth, sport and the mediated reconstruction of the American hero in the shadow of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Southern Communication Journal, 74(4), 352–437.
Choudhary, S. (2021). Community health and its importance. Primary Health Care, 11(2), 365.
Cobbs, J., Tyler, B. D., Jensen, J. A., & Chan, K. (2016). Prioritizing sponsorship resources in formula one racing: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Sport Management, 31(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0115
Cohen, M. J. (2020). Introduction to the special section: Innovative perspectives on systems of sustainable consumption and production. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, S1, 104–110.
Connaughton, J. E., & Madsen, R. A. (2007). The economic impacts of the North Carolina motorsports industry. Economic Development Quarterly, 21(2), 185–197.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage.
Couasnon, P. (2019). Motorsport and sustainable development. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from https://www.michelinmotorsport.com/Commitment/Sustainable-development
Couto, U. S., Tang, W. S. L., & Boyce, P. (2016). What makes a motorsports event enjoyable? The case of Macau Grand Prix. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 18(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2016.1207121
Dai, J., & Menhas, R. (2020). Sustainable development goals, sports and physical activity: The localization of health-related sustainable development goals through sports in China: A narrative review. Risk Management Healthc Policy, 2020(13), 1419–1430. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S257844
Darnell, S. C., & Black, D. R. (2011). Mainstreaming sport into international development studies. Third World Quarterly, 32(3), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.573934
Darnell, S. C., & Kaur, T. (2015). CLR James and a Place for history in theorising sport for development and peace. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 16(1/2), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2015.074919
Davies, L. E. (2008). Sport and the local economy: The effects of stadia development on the commercial property market. Local Economy, 23(1), 31–46.
Demirkale, B., & Güven, F. (2017). Investigation of kinetic energy recovery systems usage in electric vehicles. Journal of Sakarya University Sciences Institute, 21(6), 1550–1557. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.336863
Dingle, G. (2009). Sustaining the race: A review of literature pertaining to the environmental sustainability of motorsport. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3863811
Dolger, C. N., Suits, J. I., & Wilson, P. S. (2013). Noise exposure in the general audience of a Formula 1 race. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4831503
Duffy, A. (2011). Raising the bar for sustainable Olympic and Paralympic winter games. In J. Savery & K. Gilbert (Eds.), Sustainability and sport (pp. 43–49). Common Ground.
Dyson, J. (2023). Can Formula 1 really become net zero by 2030? Retrieved September 31, 2023, from https://www.zerocarbonacademy.com/posts/can-formula-1-really-become-net-zero-by-2030
Elkington, J. (1994). Towards the sustainable corporation: Win–Win–Win business strategies for sustainable development. California Management Review, 36(2), 90–100.
Eryılmaz, S. S., & Cengiz, H. (2012). Mega etkinliklerin kent mekânina ekonomik yansimalari, Formula 1 örneği [The economic impacts of mega events upon the host city, the sample of Formula 1]. Sigma, 4(Special Issue), 77–96.
Estoque, R. C. (2020). A review of the sustainability concept and the state of SDG monitoring using remote sensing. Remote Sensing, 12(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111770
Evans, A. B., Blackweell, J., Dolan, P., Fahlén, J., Hoekman, R., Lenneis, V., McNarry, G., Smit, M., & Wilcoc, L. (2020). Sport in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: Towards an agenda for research in the sociology of sport. European Journal for Sport and Society, 17(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2020.1765100
F1. (2019). Formula 1 Sustainability Strategy. Retrieved October 6, 2023, from https://corp.formula1.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Environmental-sustainability-Corp-website-vFINAL.pdf
Fairley, S., Tyler, B. D., Kellet, P., & D’elia, K. (2011). The formula one Australian grand prix: Exploring the triple bottom line. Sport Management Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.001
Fenner, R., & Cenner, T. (2021). The implications of the Covid-19 pandemic for delivering the sustainable development goals. Futures, 128, 1–12.
FIA. (2016). Sustainable mobility programme. Retrieved February 01, 2021, from https://www.fia.com/fia-activity-reports
FIA Annual Report. (2019). FIA activity report 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2022, from https://www.fia.com/multimedia/publication/fia-activity-report-2019
Fredline, E. (2005). Host and guest relations and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 263–279.
Gailey, E. D., & Young, J. A. (2012). An examination of marketing channel conflict and cooperation in the motorsports industry. Journal of Marketing Channels, 19(3), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046669X.2012.686862
Galli, B. (2021). Human rights accountability for advancement of gender equality and reproductive justice in the sustainable development agenda. In W. Leal Filho, A. Marisa Azul, L. Brandli, A. Lange Salvia, & T. Wall (Eds.), Gender equality. Encyclopaedia of the UN sustainable development goals (pp. 761–772). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95687-9_42
Garcia, E. G., Magaña, E. C., & Ariza, A. C. (2020). Quality education as a sustainable development goal in the context of 2030 agenda: Bibliometric approach. Sustainability, 12(15), 5884. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155884
Garcia-Rodriguez, F., Armas-Cruz, Y., & González-de-la-Rosa, M. (2020). Decent work in hospitality: Scale development and validation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1674–1693. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1865386
Gilli, M., Marin, G., Mazzanti, M., & Nicolli, M. (2016). Sustainable development and industrial development: Manufacturing environmental performance, technology and consumption/production perspectives. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 6(2), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2016.1249413
Gkikas, N. (2011). Formula 1 steering wheels: A story of ergonomics. Ergonomics in Design, 19(3), 30–34.
Gogishvili, D. (2018). Baku formula 1 city circuit: Exploring the temporary spaces of exception. Cities, 74, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.018
Gough, S., & Scott, W. (2007). Education and sustainable development: A political analysis. Educational Review, 58(3), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910600748026
Griggs, D., Standford Smith, M., Rokcström, J., Öhman, M., Gaffney, O., Glaser, G., Daniel, N., Nobel, I., Steffen, W., & Shyamsundar, P. (2014). An integrated framework for sustainable development goals. Ecology and Society, 19(4), 49.
Guthrie, J., Petty, R., Yongvanich, K., & Ricceri, F. (2004). Using content analysis as a research method to inquire into intellectual capital reporting. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(2), 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930410533704/f
Haider Rizvi, S. M., & Tirkey, A. N. (2020). Birth spacing: Achieving gender equality under sustainable development goals. Gender Equality. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_19-1
Hallowes, J. S., Pott, A. J., & Döckel, M. (2008). Managing water scarcity to encourage sustainable economic growth and social development in south Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620802163650
Hammer, J., & Pivo, G. (2017). The Triple Bottom Line and sustainable economic development theory and practice. Economic Development Quarterly, 31(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242416674808
Hickman, P. (1990). Community health and development: Applying sociological concepts to practice. Sociological Practice, 8(1), 125–132.
Hoppe, I., & Kleinen-von Königslöw, K. (2023). This is part of everything that is wrong with the world: A comparative analysis of sustainability framing in social media discussions about food in five countries. Environmental Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2023.2212136
Jaitman, L., & Scartascini, C. (2017). Sports of development. IDB Improving Lives. Inter-American Development Bank.
Jarvie, G. (2018). Sport, culture and society: An introduction. Routledge.
Jayarajah, K., Saat, R. M., & Rauf, R. A. A. (2014). A review of science, technology, engineering & mathematics (STEM) education research from 1999–2013: A Malaysian perspective. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 10(3), 155–163.
Judde, C., Booth, R., & Brooks, R. (2013). Second place is first of the losers: An analysis of competitive balance in formula one. Journal of Sports Economics, 14(4), 411–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002513496009
Kaya, E. (2023). Motor Sporlarında Sürdürülebilirlik: Formula 1 (Sustainability on Motorsport: Formula 1). Ekolojika. Retrieved October 6, 2023, from https://www.ekolojika.com/motor-sporlarinda-surdurulebilirlik-formula-1/
Kıral, B. (2020). Document analysis as a qualitative data analysis method. Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 15, 171–189.
Kravchenko, M., & Nosov, I. (2011). Motorsport and sustainability. Case study of MXStar team’s environmental impact optimization. Uppsala University Degree Project in Sustainable Development.
Labuschagne, A. (2003). Qualitative research: Airy fairy or fundamental? The Qualitative Report, 8(1), 100–103.
Lee, J. W. (2019). A winter sport mega-event and its aftermath: A critical review of post-Olympic Pyeong Chang. Local Economy, 34(7), 745–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094219889608
Lemke, W. (2015). The role of sport in achieving the sustainable development goals. United Nations. Retrieved August 3, 2022, from https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/role-sport-achieving-sustainable-development-goals
Liberty Media Corporation. (2019). Company history. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from http://www.libertymedia.com/overview/company-history.html
Lilley, W., & DeFRANCO, L. J. (1999). The economic impact of the European Grands Prix. In FIA European Union and sport workshop, Brussels, Belgium, February.
Lin, T. C., Lin, T. J., & Tsai, C. C. (2014). Research trends in science education from 2008 to 2012: A systematic content analysis of publications in selected journals. International Journal of Science Education, 36(8), 1346–1372.
Lindsey, I., & Bitugu, B. B. (2018). Distinctive policy diffusion patterns, processes and actors: Drawing implications from the case of sport in international development. Policy Studies, 39(4), 444–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2018.1479521
Loat, R. (2021). Levelling up: Opportunities for sport for development to evolve through esport. Journal of Sport for Development, 9(1), 65–73.
Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (9th ed.). Pearson.
Lyytimäki, J., Eckert, N., Lepenies, R., Lepenies, R., Mosoni, C., Mustajoki, J., & Pedersen, A. B. (2023). Assuming accuracy, pretending influence? Risks of measuring, monitoring and reporting sustainable development goals. Ambio, 52, 702–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01787-z
Mariotti, F., & Haider, S. (2017). Networks of practice in the Italian motorsport industry. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 30(3), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2017.1313401
Maurao, P. R. (2018). Smoking gentlemen—How formula one has controlled CO2 emissions. Sustainability, 10, 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061841
McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., & Watanabe, N. M. (2019). Measuring externalities: The imperative next step to sustainability assessment in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0254
McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M. E., & Nguyen, S. N. (2016). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040–1065.
McGill, R. (2020). Urban resilience: An urban management perspective. Journal of Urban Management, 9(3), 372–381.
Meadows, D., & Randers, J. (2004). Limits to growth: The 30-year update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis report. Island Press. Retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Condition.html
Miller, T. (2016). Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA. Environmental Communication, 10(6), 719–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1127850
Millington, R., Darnell, S. C., & Smith, T. (2020). Sport international development and sustainable futures: History, policy, and potential. In B. Wilson & B. Millington (Eds.), Sport and environment. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Millington, R., Giles, A. R., van Luijk, N., & Hayhurst, L. M. C. (2021). Sport for sustainability? The extractives industry, sport, and sustainable development. Journal of Sport & Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723521991413
Minnaert, L. (2012). An olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the olympic games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996, Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33, 361–370.
Moran, D. D., Wackernagel, M., Kitzes, J. A., Goldfinger, S. H., & Boutaud, A. (2008). Measuring sustainable development nation by nation. Science Direct, 64, 470–474.
Motorsport. (2019). Formula 1. Retrieved January 7, 2022, from https://tr.motorsport.com/f1/news/formula-1in-televizyon-ve-dijital-platform-izleyicileri-art-arda-ikinci-yil-da-artti/4326319/
Moye, J. (2022). The science behind the next-gen FORMULA 1 car. Retrieved October 3, 2022, from https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/the-science-behind-the-next-gen-2022-f1-car
Mules, R., & Faulkner, B. (1996). An economic perspective on special events. Tourism Economics, 2(2), 107–117.
Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the Urban impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games from 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518771830
Næss, H. E. (2020). Corporate Greenfluencing: A case study of sponsorship activation in Formula E motorsports. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-2019-0106
Nassar, H., & Biltagy, M. (2017). Poverty, employment, investment, and education relationships: The case of Egypt. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017697156
Nayak, R., & Patnaik, A. (2021). Waste management in the fashion and textile industries. Elsevier.
Nimmervoll, C. (2016). Eight-billion-dollar deal confirmed: Liberty buys Formula 1 [Acht-milliarden-dollar-deal bestätigt: Liberty kauft die Formel 1]. Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://www.formel1.de/news/business/2016-09-08/acht-milliarden-dollar-deal-bestaetigt-liberty-kauft-die-formel-1
Omotehinse, A. O., & De Tomi, G. (2023). Mining and the sustainable development goals: Prioritizing SDG targets for proper environmental governance. Ambio, 52, 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01775-3
Owen, K. A. (2001). The local impacts of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games: Processes and politics of venue preparation. Centre for Olympic Studies, UNSW.
Özen, A. C. (2005). Formula 1 - ekonomi ilişkisi ve Türkiye’ye yansıması [Formula 1 - Economy Relationship and Its Reflection on Turkey]. Tasam Turkey Asian Strategic Research Center. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/297/formula_1_-_ekonomi_iliskisi_ve_turkiyeye_yansimasi
Parkin, S. (2000). Sustainable development: The concept and the practical challenge. Civil Engineering, 138(6), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.2000.138.6.3
Parliamentary Committees Report. (2020). Committee reports 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2022, from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Human_Rights/Scrutiny_reports/2020
Pascale, A., Mancini, S., Coelho, M. C., & Guarnaccia, C. (2022). Acoustic indicators for motor race noise: Definition, validation, and tests in simulated and real races. Applied Acoustics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.109071
Pfahl, M. E. (2010). Strategic issues associated with the development of internal sustainability teams in sport and recreation organizations: A framework for action and sustainable environmental performance. International Journal of Sport Management Recreation & Tourism, 6, 37–61.
Pirelli. (2021). Pirelli awarded FIA’s three-star environmental accreditation. https://press.pirelli.com/pirelli-awarded-fias-three-star-environmental-accreditation/ (access: 16.08.2022).
Platt, L. (2007). Child poverty, employment and ethnicity in the UK: The role and limitations of policy. European Society, 9(2), 175–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616690701217809
Ramazanoğlu, F., Karahüseyinoğlu, M. F., Demirel, E. T., Ramazanoğlu, M. O., & Altungül, O. (2005). Evaluation of social dimensions of sport. Euphrates University Journal of Oriental Studies, 3(3), 153–157.
Redbull (2019). Formula 1 ile İlgili Bilmeniz Gereken Her Şey! [Everything you need to know about Formula 1!]. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.redbull.com/tr-tr/f1-tarihi-bilmeniz-gereken-her-sey
Reis, D., & Andrade, A. (2017). Scientific production on indoor air quality of environments used for physical exercise and sports practice: Bibliometric analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 196, 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.001
Renwick, N. (2011). Millennium Development Goal 1: Poverty, hunger and decent work in Southeast Asia. Third World Quarterly, 32(1), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.543814
Ritchie, J. R. B. (1984). Assessing the impact of hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues. Journal of Travel Research, 23(1), 2–11.
Roche, M. (2000). Mega-events and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture. Routledge Published.
Rossier, J., & Ouedraogo, A. (2021). Work volition, decent work, and work fulfilment, in the formal and informal economy in Burkina Faso. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 49(2), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1879991
Royer, P. (2019). Circular Economy, utopia or promising new business model? An evaluation of Circular Economy efficiency against environmental challenges. MBA Innovation & Circular Economy: Final Project.
Saunders, P. (2002). The direct and indirect effects of unemployment on poverty and inequality. SPRC Social Policy Research Center Discussion Paper No. 118.
Schmidt, C. W. (2006). Putting the earth in play: Environmental awareness and sports. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(5), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a286
Schmidt, R. (2005). Poverty-reducing growth strategy in poor countries. Scielo, 5(1), 103–134.
Silk, M. (2013). The cultural politics of post-9/11 American sport: Power, pedagogy and the popular. Routledge.
Singh, A. P., Rahman, Z., & Olan, F. (2021). Integrating corporate sustainability and sustainable development goals: Towards a multi-stakeholder framework. Cogent Business & Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1985686
Slaper, T. F., & Hall, T. J. (2011). The triple bottom line: What is it and how does it work? Indiana Business Review, 86(1), 4–8.
Smith, L. (2018). The top 10 most famous brands in Formula 1. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.raconteur.net/the-top-10-most-famous-brands-in-formula-1/
Statista. (2020). Formula 1 Grand Prix total attendance worldwide from 2016 to 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://www.statista.com
Sturm, D. (2018). Formula E’s ‘green’ challenge to motorsport events, spaces and technologies: The London E-Prix as a case study. In Book: Green events and green tourism: An international guide to good practice. Routledge.
Suggett, D., & Goodsir, B. (2002). Triple bottom line measurement and reporting in Australia: Making it tangible. The Allen Consulting Group.
Svensson, P. G., & Loat, R. (2019). Bridge-building for social transformation in sport development peace. Journal of Management, 33(5), 426–439. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0258
Tranter, P. J., & Lowes, M. D. (2003). Australia’s ‘high performance’ cities? Motorsport and sustainable urban environments. In State of Australian cities national conference, 3–5 December.
Tranter, P. J., & Lowes, M. D. (2005). The place of motorsport in public health: An Australian perspective. Health & Place, 11(4), 379–391.
Trendafilova, S., McCullough, B., Pfahl, M., Nguyen, S. N., Casper, J., & Picariello, M. (2014). Environmental sustainability in sport: Current state and future trends. Global Journal on Advances in Pure & Applied Sciences, 03, 09–14.
Tseng, M. L., Chang, C. H., & Lin, C. W. R. (2020). Future trends and guidance for the triple bottom line and sustainability: A data driven bibliometric analysis. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 27, 33543–33567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09284-0
United Nations. (2015). Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
Walkerley, R. (2015). Race that shook the world. Sport car press. Edizioni savine.
Warner, M., Robinson, J., Heal, B., Lloyd, J., O’Connell, P., & Rose, L. (2020). A comprehensive sport for development strategy using collaborative partnerships to facilitate employment among youth facing barriers. Journal of Sport for Development, 8(15), 1024.
Wernick, A. (1991). Promotional culture: Advertising, ideology and symbolic expression. Sage Publications Inc.
Whitley, M. A., Fraser, A., Dudfield, O., Yarrow, P., & Van der Merwe, N. (2020). Insights on the funding landscape for monitoring, evaluation, and research in sport for development. Journal of Sport for Development, 8(14), 21–35.
Wilson, B., & Millington, B. (2020). Introducing a sociological approach to sport, environmental politics, and preferred futures. In B. Wilson & B. Millington (Eds.), Sport and environment. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Wolfe, S. D., Gogishvili, D., Chappelet, J. L., & Müller, M. (2021). The urban and economic impacts of mega-events: Mechanisms of change in global games. Sport in Society, 25(10), 2079–2087. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.19034388
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Öztopcu, A. Environmental sustainability in sport: formula 1’s SDGs responsiveness. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04243-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04243-4