Abstract
High-pollution firms’ green innovation is crucial for them to gain a competitive advantage in the green economy. However, scholars are limited to exploring the "net effects" of green innovation and rarely involve high-polluting industries. Based on the TOE framework theory and using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis methodology, we explored the influence of antecedents upon high-pollution firms’ green innovation. These antecedents are: Green technology R&D investment, Green technology management capability, CEO’s green investment awareness, Green organizational structure, Government green subsidy and Environmental regulation. Data from the Science and Technology Innovation Board's survey of 62 Chinese enterprises in 2021. Our research findings are as follows: Firstly, multiple antecedents rather than a single condition drive high-pollution firms’ green innovation. Secondly, the government's green subsidy is the core indicator for highly polluting enterprises to achieve high-level green innovation. Thirdly, for enterprises with low-level green organizational structures and insufficient environmental regulations, it’s beneficial to focus on green technology management capabilities and government green subsidies. These discoveries enrich the study of green innovation and provide beneficial practical implications for high-pollution firms’ green innovation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Abbreviations
- TOE :
-
Technology-organization-environment
- CEO:
-
Chief executive officer
- fsQCA:
-
Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
- COP27:
-
The 27th session of the Conference of the Parties
- ST:
-
Special treatment
- PT:
-
Property treatment
- GTR&DI:
-
Green technology research and development investment
- GTMC:
-
Green technology management capability
- CEO's GIA:
-
CEO’s green investment awareness
- GOS:
-
Green organizational structure
- GGS:
-
Government green subsidy
- ER:
-
Environmental regulation
References
Abbas, A., Luo, X., Shahzad, F., & Wattoo, M. U. (2023). Optimizing organizational performance in manufacturing: The role of IT capability, green supply chain integration, and green innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 423, 138848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138848
Abed, S. S. (2020). Social commerce adoption using TOE framework: An empirical investigation of Saudi Arabian SMEs. International Journal of Information Management, 53, 102118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102118
Aboelmaged, M., & Hashem, G. (2019). Absorptive capacity and green innovation adoption in SMEs: The mediating effects of sustainable organisational capabilities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 853–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.150
Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Environmental consequences of fossil fuel in Spain amidst renewable energy consumption: A new insights from the wavelet-based Granger causality approach. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 29(7), 579–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2022.2054877
Adebayo, T. S., Kartal, M. T., Ağa, M., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). Role of country risks and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: Evidence from MINT countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 327, 116884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116884
Adebayo, T. S., & Ullah, S. (2023). Formulating sustainable development policies for China within the framework of socioeconomic conditions and government stability. Environmental Pollution, 328, 121673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121673
Aerts, K., & Schmidt, T. (2008). Two for the price of one?: Additionality effects of R&D subsidies: A comparison between Flanders and Germany. Research Policy, 37(5), 806–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.011
Akram, R., Ibrahim, R. L., Wang, Z., Adebayo, T. S., & Irfan, M. (2023). Neutralizing the surging emissions amidst natural resource dependence, eco-innovation, and green energy in G7 countries: Insights for global environmental sustainability. Journal of Environmental Management, 344, 118560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118560
Alola, A. A., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023). Analysing the waste management, industrial and agriculture greenhouse gas emissions of biomass, fossil fuel, and metallic ores utilization in Iceland. Science of the Total Environment, 887, 164115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164115
Aragón-Correa, J. A., & Sharma, S. (2003). A contingent resource-based view of proactive corporate environmental strategy. Academy of Management Review, 28(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.8925233
Awan, U., Sroufe, R., & Kraslawski, A. (2019). Creativity enables sustainable development: Supplier engagement as a boundary condition for the positive effect on green innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226, 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.308
Bellucci, A., Pennacchio, L., & Zazzaro, A. (2019). Public R&D subsidies: Collaborative versus individual place-based programs for SMEs. Small Business Economics, 52(1), 213–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0017-5
Ben Amara, D., & Chen, H. (2020). A mediation-moderation model of environmental and eco-innovation orientation for sustainable business growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(14), 16916–16928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08206-4
Bereznoy, A., Meissner, D., & Scuotto, V. (2021). The intertwining of knowledge sharing and creation in the digital platform based ecosystem. A conceptual study on the lens of the open innovation approach. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(8), 2022–2042. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2020-0769
Cainelli, G., De Marchi, V., & Grandinetti, R. (2015). Does the development of environmental innovation require different resources? Evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 94, 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.008
Chen, H., & Tian, Z. (2022). Environmental uncertainty, resource orchestration and digital transformation: A fuzzy-set QCA approach. Journal of Business Research, 139, 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.048
Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. (2015). Reconceptualizing competitive dynamics: A multidimensional framework. Strategic Management Journal, 36(5), 758–775. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2245
Chen, Y.-S., Lai, S.-B., & Wen, C.-T. (2006). The influence of green innovation performance on corporate advantage in Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(4), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9025-5
Chen, Y., Yao, Z., & Zhong, K. (2022). Do environmental regulations of carbon emissions and air pollution foster green technology innovation: Evidence from China’s prefecture-level cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 350, 131537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131537
Du, K., Cheng, Y., & Yao, X. (2021). Environmental regulation, green technology innovation, and industrial structure upgrading: The road to the green transformation of Chinese cities. Energy Economics, 98, 105247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105247
Du, Y., & Kim, P. H. (2021). One size does not fit all: Strategy configurations, complex environments, and new venture performance in emerging economies. Journal of Business Research, 124, 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.059
Fang, Z., Kong, X., Sensoy, A., Cui, X., & Cheng, F. (2021). Government’s awareness of Environmental protection and corporate green innovation: A natural experiment from the new environmental protection law in China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 70, 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.03.003
Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393–420. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.60263120
Forcadell, F. J., Sanchez-Riofrio, A., Guerras-Martín, L. Á., & Romero-Jordán, D. (2020). Is the restructuring-performance relationship moderated by the economic cycle and the institutional environment for corporate governance? Journal of Business Research, 110, 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.055
Gadenne, D. L., Kennedy, J., & McKeiver, C. (2009). An epirical study of environmental awareness and practices in SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9672-9
Galbraith, J. R. (2010). The multi-dimensional and reconfigurable organization. Organizational Dynamics, 39(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2010.02.001
Ganda, F. (2019). The impact of innovation and technology investments on carbon emissions in selected organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.235
Glaser, M., Lopee-De-Silanes, F., & Sautner, Z. (2013). Opening the black box: Internal capital markets and managerial power. The Journal of Finance, 68(4), 1577–1631. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12046
Greckhamer, T. (2016). CEO compensation in relation to worker compensation across countries: The configurational impact of country-level institutions. Strategic Management Journal, 37(4), 793–815. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2370
Guan, H., Zhang, Y., & Zhao, A. (2023). Environmental taxes, enterprise innovation, and environmental total factor productivity—effect test based on Porter’s hypothesis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(44), 99885–99899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29407-7
Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334–343. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254
Han, Z., Wang, L., & Zhao, F. (2023). Can emission trading system improve capacity utilization? A quasi-natural experiment in Chinese listed firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 385, 135719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135719
He, L., Sun, Y., Xia, Y., & Zhong, Z. (2021). Construction of a green development performance index of industrial enterprises: Based on the empirical study of 458 listed industrial enterprises in China. Ecological Indicators, 132, 108239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108239
Howell, A. (2017). Picking ‘winners’ in China: Do subsidies matter for indigenous innovation and firm productivity? China Economic Review, 44, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.04.005
Hu, B., Alola, A. A., Tauni, M. Z., Adebayo, T. S., & Abbas, S. (2023). Pathway to cleaner environment: How effective are renewable electricity and financial development approaches? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 67, 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2023.08.003
Jiao, J., Wang, C., & Yang, R. (2020). Exploring the driving orientations and driving mechanisms of environmental innovation: The case study of the China Gezhouba. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, 121016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121016
Jones, P., & Wynn, M. G. (2021). The circular economy, resilience, and digital technology deployment in the mining and mineral industry. International Journal of Circular Economy and Waste Management, 1(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCEWM.2021010102
Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1974). Organization and management: A systems approach (2nd ed.). UK: McGraw-Hill.
Khan, S. A. R., Godil, D. I., Jabbour, C. J. C., Shujaat, S., Razzaq, A., & Yu, Z. (2021). Green data analytics, blockchain technology for sustainable development, and sustainable supply chain practices: Evidence from small and medium enterprises. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04275-x
Klette, T. J., Møen, J., & Griliches, Z. (2000). Do subsidies to commercial R&D reduce market failures? Micro econometric evaluation studies. Research Policy, 29(4), 471–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00086-4
Kraus, S., Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Schüssler, M. (2018). Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in entrepreneurship and innovation research–the rise of a method. International Entrepreneurship & Management Journal, 14(1), 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0461-8
Kumar, S., Raut, R. D., Priyadarshinee, P., Mangla, S. K., Awan, U., & Narkhede, B. E. (2022). The impact of IoT on the performance of vaccine supply chain distribution in the COVID-19 context. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3157625
Květoň, V., & Horák, P. (2018). The effect of public R&D subsidies on firms’ competitiveness: Regional and sectoral specifics in emerging innovation systems. Applied Geography, 94, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.03.015
Li, D. (2022). Dynamic optimal control of firms’ green innovation investment and pricing strategies with environmental awareness and emission tax. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(4), 920–932. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3427
Liu, X., Adebayo, T. S., Ramzan, M., Ullah, S., Abbas, S., & Olanrewaju, V. O. (2023). Do coal efficiency, climate policy uncertainty and green energy consumption promote environmental sustainability in the United States? An application of novel wavelet tools. Journal of Cleaner Production, 417, 137851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137851
Nijssen, E. J., & Ordanini, A. (2020). How important is alignment of social media use and R&D–Marketing cooperation for innovation success? Journal of Business Research, 116, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.04.056
Oliveira, T., Martins, R., Sarker, S., Thomas, M., & Popovič, A. (2019). Understanding SaaS adoption: The moderating impact of the environment context. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.02.009
Oyebanji, M. O., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). Green technology, green electricity, and environmental sustainability in Western European countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(13), 38525–38534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24793-w
Özkan, O., Alola, A. A., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023). Environmental benefits of nonrenewable energy efficiency and renewable energy intensity in the USA and EU: Examining the role of clean technologies. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 58, 2213–1388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2023.103315
Pascual, B., Fosfuri, A., Gelabert, L., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2013). Necessity as the mother of “green” inventions: Institutional pressures and environmental innovations. Strategic Management Journal, 34(8), 891–909. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2041
Patrick, Y. K. C., & Tam, K. Y. (1997). Factors affecting the adoption of open systems: An exploratory study. MIS Quarterly, 21(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/249740
Peng, H., & Liu, Y. (2018). How government subsidies promote the growth of entrepreneurial companies in clean energy industry: An empirical study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 508–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.126
Peng, X., & Liu, Y. (2016). Behind eco-innovation: Managerial environmental awareness and external resource acquisition. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.051
Qalati, S. A., Yuan, L. W., Khan, M. A. S., & Anwar, F. (2021). A mediated model on the adoption of social media and SMEs’ performance in developing countries. Technology in Society, 64, 101513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101513
Ragin, C. C. (2009). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. University of Chicago Press.
Ren, S., Li, X., Yuan, B., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2018). The effects of three types of environmental regulation on eco-efficiency: A cross-region analysis in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 173, 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.113
Rennings, K. (2000). Redefining innovation—eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics. Ecological Economics, 32(2), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00112-3
Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (2012). Set-theoretic methods for the social sciences: A guide to qualitative comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, M. R., Schulze-Bentrop, C., & Paunescu, M. (2010). Mapping the institutional capital of high-tech firms: A fuzzy-set analysis of capitalist variety and export performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 246–266. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.36
Seebode, D., Jeanrenaud, S., & Bessant, J. (2012). Managing innovation for sustainability. R&D Management, 42(3), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2012.00678.x
Shao, S., Hu, Z., Cao, J., Yang, L., & Guan, D. (2020). Environmental regulation and enterprise innovation: A review. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(3), 1465–1478. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2446
Short, J. C., Broberg, J. C., Cogliser, C. C., & Brigham, K. H. (2009). Construct validation using computer-aided text analysis (CATA): An illustration using entrepreneurial orientation. Organizational Research Methods, 13(2), 320–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428109335949
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Gilbert, B. A. (2011). Resource orchestration to create competitive advantage: Breadth, depth, and life cycle effects. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 37(5), 1390–1412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310385695
Tan, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2022). The effect of ESG rating events on corporate green innovation in China: The mediating role of financial constraints and managers’ environmental awareness. Technology in Society, 68, 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101906
Thomas, G., Santi, F., Fiss, P. C., & Aguilera, R. V. (2018). Studying configurations with qualitative comparative analysis: Best practices in strategy and organization research. Strategic Organization, 16(4), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127018786487
Tornatzky, L. G., Fleischer, M., & Chakrabarti, A. K. (1990). Processes of technological innovation. Lexington Books.
Tseng, M. L., Wang, R., Chiu, A. S. F., Geng, Y., & Lin, Y. H. (2013). Improving performance of green innovation practices under uncertainty. Journal of Cleaner Production, 40, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.009
Ul-Durar, S., Awan, U., Varma, A., Memon, S., & Mention, A.-L. (2023). Integrating knowledge management and orientation dynamics for organization transition from eco-innovation to circular economy. Journal of Knowledge Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2022-0424
Ullah, S., Adebayo, T. S., Irfan, M., & Abbas, S. (2023). Environmental quality and energy transition prospects for G-7 economies: The prominence of environment-related ICT innovations, financial and human development. Journal of Environmental Management, 342, 118120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118120
Walker, R. M. (2014). Internal and external antecedents of process innovation: A review and extension. Public Management Review, 16(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.771698
Wan, X., Wang, Y., Qiu, L., Zhang, K., & Zuo, J. (2022). Executive green investment vision, stakeholders’ green innovation concerns and enterprise green innovation performance. Frontiers in Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.997865
Wang, Y., Li, J., & Furman, J. L. (2017). Firm performance and state innovation funding: Evidence from China’s Innofund program. Research Policy, 46(6), 1142–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.05.001
Wu, A., & Li, H. (2022). The impact of government subsidies on contract design of green technology R&D cooperation. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 34(11), 1263–1279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1950679
Wu, W., Liang, Z., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, H. (2020). Coupling relationships and synergistic mechanisms between technology management capability and technological capability in product innovation: A simulation study. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 32(9), 1098–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1743261
Xie, X., Huo, J., & Zou, H. (2019). Green process innovation, green product innovation, and corporate financial performance: A content analysis method. Journal of Business Research, 101, 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.010
Xu, L., Yang, L., Li, D., & Shao, S. (2023). Asymmetric effects of heterogeneous environmental standards on green technology innovation: Evidence from China. Energy Economics, 117, 106479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106479
Yang, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2023). Does suppliers’ slack influence the relationship between buyers’ environmental orientation and green innovation? Journal of Business Research, 157, 113569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113569
Zameer, H., Wang, Y., Vasbieva, D. G., & Abbas, Q. (2021). Exploring a pathway to carbon neutrality via reinforcing environmental performance through green process innovation, environmental orientation and green competitive advantage. Journal of Environmental Management, 296, 113383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113383
Zameer, H., & Yasmeen, H. (2022). Green innovation and environmental awareness driven green purchase intentions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 40(5), 624–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2021-0457
Zeng, X., Jin, M., & Pan, S. (2022). Do environmental regulations promote or inhibit Cities’ innovation capacity? Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416993
Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Yang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2020). Critical success factors of green innovation: Technology, organization and environment readiness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121701
Zhang, Y., Sun, Z., Sun, M., & Zhou, Y. (2022). The effective path of green transformation of heavily polluting enterprises promoted by green merger and acquisition—qualitative comparative analysis based on fuzzy sets. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(42), 63277–63293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20123-2
Zhao, X., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2023). Impact of environmental tax on corporate sustainable performance: Insights from high-tech firms in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 461.
Funding
This work was supported by Heilongjiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project (21JYD272); Heilongjiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project (21JYE394); Harbin University of Commerce Youth Innovation Talent Project (2020CX42); Graduate Innovation Project of Harbin University of Commerce (YJSCX2022-761HSD)；Graduate Innovation Project of Harbin University of Commerce (YJSCX2023-770HSD).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SL was responsible for the definition of conceptualization and methodology, and the use of software. CY analysed and interpreted the data, and was a major contributor in writing—original draft. DZ was responsible for the supervision and writing—reviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Calibrated Data.
Case | GTR&DI | GTMC | CEO's GIA | GOS | ER | GGS | Green innovation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.18 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.15 |
2 | 0.47 | 0.1 | 0.501 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.84 |
3 | 0.11 | 0.1 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.73 | 0.55 |
4 | 0.82 | 0.501 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.72 |
5 | 0.501 | 0.05 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.95 | 0.3 |
6 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.3 |
7 | 0.28 | 0.97 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.55 |
8 | 0.501 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.05 |
9 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.59 |
10 | 1 | 0.57 | 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.6 |
11 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.35 | 0.91 | 0.56 |
12 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 0.501 | 0.03 |
13 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.21 | 1 | 0.44 | 0.59 |
14 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.87 | 1 | 0.53 | 1 |
15 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.92 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.98 | 0.71 |
16 | 0.08 | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 0.53 |
17 | 0.9 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.92 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.13 |
18 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
19 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.93 | 1 |
20 | 0.79 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.44 | 1 |
21 | 0 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 0.4 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.501 |
22 | 0.86 | 0.32 | 0.77 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.17 |
23 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 0.52 | 0.89 | 0.65 |
24 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
25 | 0.98 | 0.1 | 0.21 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.54 |
26 | 1 | 0.501 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
27 | 0.29 | 0.98 | 0.501 | 0.22 | 0.52 | 0.95 | 0.53 |
28 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 0.13 |
29 | 0.18 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.55 |
30 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.97 |
31 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.501 | 0.7 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
32 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.1 | 0.97 | 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.14 |
33 | 0.13 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.501 |
34 | 0.39 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.99 | 0.57 |
35 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.501 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.61 |
36 | 0.58 | 0.18 | 0.65 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.95 | 0.13 |
37 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.96 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.86 | 0.09 |
38 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.77 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.23 |
39 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.78 | 0.46 | 0.501 |
40 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.56 |
41 | 0.54 | 0.1 | 0.501 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.96 |
42 | 0.61 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.65 | 0.99 |
43 | 0.51 | 0.84 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.71 |
44 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.95 | 0.15 | 0.501 |
45 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.82 | 0.13 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.11 |
46 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.501 | 1 | 0.35 | 0.78 | 0.25 |
47 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 0.96 | 0.52 |
48 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.1 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.2 |
49 | 0.96 | 0.1 | 0.501 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
50 | 0.1 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.62 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
51 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
52 | 0.84 | 0.18 | 0.501 | 0.85 | 0.35 | 0.99 | 0.96 |
53 | 0.59 | 0.1 | 0.77 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.65 |
54 | 0.3 | 0.52 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.86 | 0.55 |
55 | 0.82 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.03 |
56 | 0.89 | 0.501 | 0.77 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.25 |
57 | 1 | 0.32 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.15 |
58 | 0.3 | 0.88 | 0.501 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.62 |
59 | 0.72 | 0.501 | 0.3 | 0.96 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.2 |
60 | 0.11 | 0.96 | 0.1 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
61 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.82 | 0.13 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.11 |
62 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.52 |
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lou, S., Yao, C. & Zhang, D. How to promote green innovation of high-pollution firms? A fuzzy-set QCA approach based on the TOE framework. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04107-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04107-x