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Nexus of household livelihood dependence and conservation approach to wetlands: a study of North Himalayan wetland in India

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Abstract

Since antiquity it has been seen that the wetland ecosystem not only contributes a considerable proportion of welfare to the local people in terms of food, fuel wood, timber, drinking water, irrigation water, etc., but also has immense importance in long-standing cultural practices and ecological balances. However, the domestic utilization of wetlands gets reduced when we move a step toward its conservation programs particularly in developing nations. To this end, a case study has been attempted in north Himalayan wetland in India to explore the difference in nexus between wetland conservation and livelihood dependence of local people to present an utmost importance of wetland. Survey data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and were analyzed by employing market price method, contingent valuation approach and regression equations. The results of the study revealed that wetland yields an average direct net benefit accounts of rupees (Rs.) 32.25 thousands (US$392)/year per household from agricultural, fishing and tourism activities to the local people. Agricultural activity was found a highest preferred economic activity of local people followed by fishing on wetland. However, tourism was found an utmost income-earning activity on wetland producing least unhygienic effects. Next, the logit model results show variables, viz. household income (p < 0.05), education (p < 0.01) and willing to shift from wetland area (p < 0.05) are positively and significantly associated with the willingness to pay (WTP) for wetland conservation. It is also observed from the study results that majority (73%) of respondents were accepting the offer of contingent valuation hypothetical scenario and paying an average annual WTP of rupees (Rs.) 338 (US$4) for wetland conservation even though deriving substantial direct benefits from wetland. Therefore, the people are more enthusiastic to conserve the wetland for ecological balances and tourism purposes instead of other commercial purposes. Based on these findings of the study, it has been suggested to the concerned authorities to propose a win–win solution that either to develop a community-based conservation program or build up a constant sustainable management program for the wetland which will ensure the survival of both human societies and wetland ecosystem.

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Fig. 1

Source: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=google+location+map+of+dal+lake (Accessed on 02/01/2022)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Source: Authors sketch

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Notes

  1. This estimate is based on 89 case studies.

  2. These mohallas (villages/hamlet) were varying in size, form and structure. Some mohallas having small (five to ten households) while as some others having large (more than hundred) number of households.

  3. [Canal = A unit of land equals 1/8th of an Acre = 0.05058 hectare.].

  4. Following mohallas/villages were surveyed while household survey: Ashraf, Bali, Gachoo, Sheikh, Kand, Batapora, Dar, Gaddi, Moti, Lati, Akhoon, Mir, Sofi, Baba, Kani, Abi Karpora, Abi Karpoa (Chachoo), and Dalgate Mohalla. The divisible sections include beneficiaries such as the vegetable growers, fishermen, and boatmen (houseboat & shikara owners).

  5. It is based on the prices of each product at local markets.

  6. Since Households collected fodder from Dal Lake usually used at home for livestock and does not sold at market. Researcher estimated its value on the basis of its close substituted good (which they used at home per day).

  7. Payment vehicle in a CV study plays a very crucial role in determining the WTP/ WTAC for any change in environmental resources. Studies across the developed world prefers ‘additional income tax’ as a payment vehicle than other frequently used tools like ‘donation to a charitable organization’, ‘compulsory or voluntary fees’, etc. (see for example, Kwak et al., 2007). But in Developing countries, where income tax is not a very relevant option generally prefer other options like ‘donation’, etc. This study has adopted ‘donation to a charitable organization’ run jointly by a reputed non-profit NGO along with local people as a means of payment vehicle. Rationale for choosing ‘donation’ over ‘income tax’ in this study can be justified on the ground of unfamiliarity and irrelevance of income tax as most of households in this areas generally do not pay income tax to government due to low income. In such circumstance putting an ‘additional income tax’ is meaningless.

  8. Census report 2011, Government of India.

  9. Kharif vegetable operation starts in March–April and continues up to August–September. It includes crops like Saag, Spinach, Brinjal, Beans, Tomato, Bhindi, Potato, Peas, and Chillies etc. Rabi vegetables usually start from October to March, and include crops like Saag, Spinach, Radish, Turnip, Onion (Bhat 1983).

  10. US$ 1 = 82 rupees (Rs.) (as per the average exchange rate of 2022).

  11. Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimation Technique was employed to take care of heteroskedasticity and, therefore reported robust standard errors.

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  1. Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia

    Showkat Ahmad Shah

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Shah, S.A. Nexus of household livelihood dependence and conservation approach to wetlands: a study of North Himalayan wetland in India. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03897-4

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