Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Climate change versus livelihoods, heritage and ecosystems in small Island states of the Pacific: a case study on Tuvalu

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Global warming and climate change represent current threats for island states in the Pacific Ocean region. Next to global warming and the effects of Sea Level Rise, the resulting vulnerability of coastal offshore, shoreline, and oceanic ecosystems are additional factors that need to be considered urgently. As a coastal atoll area and part of the Pacific Small Island States, Tuvalu is now under threat with its cultural landscapes due to climate change impacts. The country and its landscapes surround an area of only 26 km2, where 11,810 people live in hostile climatic conditions. The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change projected that Tuvalu would probably be the first country to sink underwater. The question arises about sustainable solutions for ongoing security and a habitable situation for people, culture, landscapes, and ecosystems. Unstable agricultural crop production, fishing, and coconuts cultivation are some of the challenges on the island. The exemplary derived polynomial curve of nine different islands and their islands' population displacement behavior shows up results of hostile conditions with six islands having lost their inhabitants, and only three islands’ populations have increased. This study aims to analyze the overall situation of Tuvalu and find an alternative solution to safeguard Tuvaluan people, the island ecosystems and heritage, and cultural landscapes. Specific objectives of this study are the following: (1.) Understanding the theoretical concept of climate change impacts, sea-level rise impacts, the protection of Tuvaluan people, and the islands' unique biodiversity; (2.) Analyzing the socio-economic condition, livelihoods, culture, heritage, and environmental scenarios of Tuvalu; (3.) Giving potential recommendations for creating an international network, applied research, and training for the future development of ecosystems and cultural landscapes of Tuvalu in the Pacific Ocean. This paper analyzed the present affected situation of Tuvalu; it also highlighted socio-economic and livelihoods sustainability, future scenarios, and alternative suggestion to mitigate this hostile environment of Tuvalu. GIS applications for visualizing and analyzing environmental data were one of the appropriate tools for decision-makers to support long-term planning for Tuvalu.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

source of World Bank, 2019)

Fig. 5

Source: derived by Islam in 2012)

Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Source: derived and idea by S. Reinstädtler in 2021, with slightly changed basis maps of Islam in 2020)

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The Pacific Small Island States are located in the North and South Pacific Ocean with being 16 independent and self-governing states: 1. Cook Islands, 2. Fiji, 3. Republic of Marshal Islands, 4. Federated States of Micronesia, 5. Nauru, 6. Palau, 7. Papua New Guinea, 8. Samoa, 9. Solomon Islands, 10. Niue, 11. Tonga, 12. Tuvalu, 13. Kiribati, 14. Vanuatu, 15. New Zealand and 16 Australia. 14 states of them except Nr. 15 and 16 are part of the Asian Development Banks` (ADB) Pacific region developing member countries (DMCs) (ADB, 2017).

  2. The meaning of the country name Tuvalu is eight islands. The name Tuvalu is considered to be traditional and roughly translated as “eight traditions”. Another meaning is “Group of eight” referring to the country’s eight traditionally habited islands (Encyclopedia, 2018).

  3. Slightly changed approach after the oceanographic scientist Dr. Sylvia Earle and her foundation of Mission Blue (comp.: https://www.mission-blue.org/hope-spots/) the hope spots in this work symbolize specific spatially defined areas (comp. Reinstädtler, 2011; Reinstädtler, 2013), which give hope to stabilize difficult developments for environmental health.

References

  • Ahmed, R., & Falk, G. C. (2008). Bangladesh: Environment under pressure. Geographische Rundschau International Edition, 4(1), 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, E. H., Ellis, F., Mathieu, L., Musa, A., Mvula, P. M., & Tinch, R. (2002). Sustainable livelihoods from fluctuating fisheries, final technical report. FAO, Rome, Italy.

  • Allison, E. H., & Ellis, F. (2001). The livelihood approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy, 25, 377–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alm, A., Blommestein, E., & Broadus, J. M. (1993). Climatic changes and socio-economic impacts. In G. A. Maul (Eds.), Climatic change in the intra-Americas Sea (pp. 333–349). Edward Arnold.

  • Ambroz, A. (2009). Household aggregate mining on Funafuti, Tuvalu. EU-SOPAC Project Report 132.

  • Asian Development Bank, ADB. (2007). Tuvalu 2006 economic report. From plan to action. Pacific studies series, funded by Asian Development Bank and the Australian Government (AusAID), ADB, Manila, Philippines, p. 1–222

  • Asian Development Bank, ADB. (2017). Pacific approach, 2016–2020. ADB, Manila, Philippines, 1–50.

  • Balesh, R. (2015). Submerging islands: Tuvalu and Kiribati as case studies illustrating the need for a climate refugee treaty. Environmental and Earth Law 5. Retrieved June 03, 2021, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229020587.pdf

  • Barnett, J. (2008). The effect of aid on adaptive capacity to adapt to climate change: Insights from Niue. Polit. Sci., 60(1), 31–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyerl, K. & Maas, A. (2014). Perspectives on climate engineering from Pacific Small Island states. Workshop report on the open discussion workshop about climate engineering: Perspectives from Pacific Small Island States 21st—23rd August 2013, Suva, Fiji. IASS Working Paper, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Potsdam.

  • Bhattacharjee, M. (2010). Sustainable livelihood in India: A comparative study between rural and urban areas—A case study of two districts in Assam. Asia Pacific Journal of Rural Development XX (1), 61–78.

  • Boden, T. A., Marland, G., & Andres, R. J. (2017). National CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacture, and gas flaring: 1751–2014, carbon dioxide information analysis center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2017

  • Braasch, G. (2005). Funafuti atoll, Capitol of Tuvalu, Pacific Ocean. Retrieved August, 2019, from https://hipwallpaper.com/view/dPbL4D

  • Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, L. D., Corvalan, C., & Neira, M. (2007). Global climate change: Implications for international public health policy. Bull, World Health Organization, 85, 235–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, M. -E., Rubenstein, M., Graff, M., & Villareal, D. (2013). Sea level rise in a changing climate. In B. Michale & E. Gregory (Eds.), Threatened Island Nations 15.

  • Census. (2002). Central statistics division, Government of Tuvalu, Funafuti.

  • Census. (2005). Central statistics division, Government of Tuvalu, Funafuti.

  • Christian, A., (2009a). Module I: Framework and approach, Christian Aid adaptation toolkit: Integrating adaptation to climate change into secure livelihoods, Christian Aid, UK, pp. 1–13.

  • Christian, A., (2009b). Module II: Developing a climate change analysis, Christian Aid adaptation Toolkit: Integrating adaptation to climate change into secure livelihoods. Christian Aid: UK.

  • Connell, J. (2013). Islands at risk? Environments, economies, and contemporary change. Edward Elgar.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD. (2010). The convention on biological diversity. Year in review 2009. Secretariat of the convention on biological diversity. Montreal, Quebeck, Canada, p. 42

  • Coya, R. Á. (2013). Maneapa and airport in Funafuti atoll, Tuvalu.jpg. CC BY-SA 3.0 via wikimedia commons. In: Funafuti. Retrieved 10 August, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funafuti

  • Bakar, S. H., & Islam, S. N. (2022). An integrated GIS method-the influence of human activities on shoreline change in Western Indian Small Island States: A two centuries analysis of Urban West Unguja- Zanzibar Shoreline, In: American Journal of Environmental Studies (AJES), (Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9–26). ISSN 4520–4738.

  • Bishop, M. J., Mayer-Pinto, M., Airoldi, L., Firth, L. B., Morris, R. L., Loke, L. H., Hawkins, S. J., Naylor, L. A., Coleman, R. A., Chee, S. Y., & Dafforn, K. A. (2017). Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: impacts and solutions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 492, 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.021

  • Del Bello, L. (2018). Venice anti-flood gates could wreck lagoon ecosystem. Nature, 564, 16. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07372-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Foreign Aid and International Development, DFID. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guideline sheets (framework), British Government, London, UK, pp. 1–26.

  • Dutra, L. X. C., Haywood, M. D. E., Singh, S. S., Piovano, S., Ferreira, M., Johnson, J. E., Veitayaki, J., Kininmonth, S., & Morris, C. W. (2018). Impacts of climate change on corals relevant to the Pacific Islands. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card: Science Review, 132–158.

  • Encyclopedia. (2018). Tuvalu. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 12 May, 2019, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/australia-and-oceania/pacific-islands-political-geography/tuvalu#ECONOMY

  • Engelberth, S. E., and Rina, A. S., & Islam, S. N. (2004). Cultural integrity as a criterion of SEA. In: M. Schmidt, J. Elsa, & E. Albrecht (Eds.), Implementing strategic environmental assessment, Springer, pp. 409–420.

  • Farbotko, C., & Lazrusb, H. (2012). The first climate refugees? Contesting global narratives of climate change in Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), 382–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, A. G. (2013). A directory for the navigation of the pacific ocean, with descriptions of its coasts, Islands, etc. In: From the STRAIT of Magalhaens to the Arctic Sea, and those of Asia and Australia. (1st edn.). 1851, Cambridge University Press.

  • Fongwa, E. A., Gnauck, A., & Müller, F. (2011). Modelling ecosystem services at the landscape scale: A case study of UNESCO biosphere reserve Spreewald. In A. Gnauck (Ed.), Modellierung und simulation von ökosystemen. Workshop KölpinSee 2010, Shaker Verlag, pp. 233–257.

  • Ford, A. C., Dawson, R., Blythe, P., & Barr, S. (2018). Land-use transport models for climate change mitigation and adaptation planning. Journal of Transport and Land Use 11(1). https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1209

  • Gibling, C. (2013). Construction process and post-construction impacts of the Palm Jumeirah in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Journal of Undergraduate Engineering Research and Scholarship, PT-2013.

  • Government of Tuvalu (GOT), (2010). Tuvalu millenium development goals, Progress Report 2010/2011 (pp. 1–133). Funafuti, Tuvalu.

  • Hall, A. (2014). The thames barrier: London`s moveable flood defense. Environment and Society Portal, Arcadia 15. Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society. https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/6383

  • Hardy, J. T. (2003). Climate change census, effects and solutions (pp. 1–210). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, L. D. D. (2000). Climate and global environmental change. Pearson Education Ltd. UK. pp 187—207. Retrieved 22 November, 2011, from http://www.nationamaster.com/country/tu-tuvalu-geo-geography

  • Hay, J. E., Kaluwin, C., & Koop, N. (1995). Implications of climate change and sealevel rise for small Island Nations of the South Pacific: A regional synthesis. Weather and Climate, 15(2), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/44280015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley, C. (1896). General account of the Atoll of Funafuti. Australian Museum Memoiries, 3(2), 60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, M. J., & Manning, S. S. (1995). Conversion of coastal habitats in Singapore: Indications of unsustainable development. Environmental Conservation, 22(4), 307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeksema, R. J. (2007). Irrigation and Drainage 56(S1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.340

  • Howes, E. L., Birchenough, S., & Lincoln, S. (2018). Impacts of climate change relevant to the Pacific Islands. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card: Science Review, 2018, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. (2014a). Summary for policymakers. In C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, et al. (Eds.), Climate change 2014a: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the IPCC (pp. 1–32) Cambridge University Press.

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. (2014b). Summary for policymakers. In O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, et al. (Eds.), Climate change 2014b: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press.

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. (2014c). Technical summary. In O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, et al. (Eds.), Climate change 2014c: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the Fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press.

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. (2018). Summary for policymakers. In: V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, & T. Waterfield (Eds.), Global warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-ind4ustrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (p. 32),World Meteorological Organization.

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. (2007). Summary for policymakers. In M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, P. J. Palutikot, et al (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Impact adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (pp. 1–1000). Cambridge University Press.

  • Islam, S. N. & Gnauck, A. (2007). Effects of salinity intrusion in mangrove wetlands ecosystems in the Sundarbans: An alternative approach for sustainable management, Wetland: Monitoring and management (pp. 315–322), Leider, Taylor and Francis.

  • Islam, S. N. (2010a). Threatened Wetlands and ecologically sensitive ecosystems management in Bangladesh. Frontiers of earth science in China 4(4), 438–448.

  • Islam, S. N. & Gnauck, A. (2011). Food security and ecosystem services under threat in the coastal region of Ganges delta in Bangladesh: Preliminary result analysis. In: A. Gnauck (Ed.), Modelling and simulation of ecosystems (pp. 158–274), Shaker Verlag-Aachen.

  • Islam, S. N., Karim, R., Islam, A. N., & Eslamian, S. (2014). Wetland hydrology. In: S. Eslamian (Eds.), Handbook of engineering hydrology: fundamentals and applications, Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 581–605.

  • Islam, S. N. (2016). Deltaic floodplains development and wetland ecosystems management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Rivers Delta in Bangladesh. Sustainable Water Resources Management 2, 237–256.

  • Islam, S. N., Reinstädtler, S., Aparecida de Sa´Xavier, M., & Gnauck, A. (2017). Food security and nutrition policy. Chapter 28. In Eslamian, S. & Eslamian, F.A. (Eds.). Handbook of drought and water scarcity. Vol. 1: Principles of drought and water scarcity. CRC Press.

  • Islam, S. N. (2020). Sundarbans a dynamic ecosystem: an overview of opportunities, threats and tasks. In H.S. Sen (Ed.), The Sundarbans: A disasters prone eco-region, coastal research library, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 31–58.

  • Islam, S. N. (2021). Floods, Charland erosions and settlement displacement in the Ganges–Padma river basin. In: Zaman, M., & Alam, M. (Eds). Living on the edge. Springer Geography, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73592-0_12

  • Islam, S. N. (2010). Char-lands erosion, livelihoods and cyclic displacement of people in Ganges-Padma River Basin in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 20(1), 151–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. (2008). The 2008 IUCN red list of threatened Species. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 10.01.2009.

  • IUCN. (2009). IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2009.1. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 22.05.2009.

  • IUCN. (2019). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2019–3. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 10th November 2019.

  • Job, S. & Alefaio, S., (2009). Tuvalu marine life project—Project phase 1: Literature review. Final report—July 2009. Alofa Tuvalu, Funafuti.

  • John, C. P. (2003a). Impacts of climate change and sea level rise on small island states. In Global environmental change. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.

  • John, T. H. (2003a). Climate change causes, effects and solutions. West Sussex, Wiley.

  • Jones, A. (1997). Urban conservation issues in Brunei Darussalam: the case of Brunei’s water village. In: Planning perspectives, E & FN, 12 (1997), 457—475.

  • Kaly, U. L. & Jones, G. P. (1993). Preliminary report of the pilot dredging project—Funafuti, Tuvalu: Assessment of Ecological Impacts on Lagoon Communities. SPREP, Apia.

  • Kaly, U. & Pratt, C. (2000). Environmental vulnerability index: Development and provisional indices and profiles for Fiji, Samoa, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. SOPAC technical report 306. SOPAC Secretariat, Suva.

  • Kench, P. S., Ford, Murray, R., & Owen, S. D. (2018). Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations. Nature Communications 9 605. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1

  • Kepler, A. K. (2008). Main street of Funafuti.jpg. CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. In Funafuti, Retrieved 10 August, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funafuti.

  • Kumar, L. (Ed.) (2020). Climate change and impacts in the Pacific. Springer Climate. Springer, p. 538. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32878-8

  • Lauer, M., Albert, S., Aswani, S., Halpern, B. S., Campanella, L., & La Rose, D. (2013). Globalization, Pacific Islands, and the paradox of resilience. Global Environmental Change, 23, 40–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leal Filho, W. (Ed.). (2020). Managing climate change adaptation in the pacIfic region (1st ed.). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. J., Marion, W., & Michael, J. (2007). Climate change: Implications for food safety. FAO report, Rome. Italy.

  • McAdam, J. (2011). Swimming against the tide: Why a climate change displacement treaty is not the answer, 23 Int’l J. of Refugee L., 2, 8 (2011). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1714714

  • McCubbin, S., Smit, B., & Pearce, T. (2015). Where does climate fit? Vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 30, 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIver, L., Kim, R., Woodward, A., Hales, S., Spickett, J., Katscherian, D., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Kim, H., Iddings, S., Naicker, J., Bambrick, H., McMichael, A. J., & Ebi, K. L. (2016). Health impacts of climate change in Pacific Island countries: A regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(11), 1707–1714. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millennium Ecosystems Assessment, MEA. (2005). Ecosystems and Human well-being: synthesis. In Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Island Press, Washington DC, USA.

  • Mearns, R. & Norton, A. (Eds.) (2010). Social dimensions of climate change. Equity and vulnerability in a warming world. New Frontiers of Social Policy, the World Bank, Washington, USA.

  • Ministry of NREAL GovTV (Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Agriculture and Land Government of Tuvalu). (2007). Tuvalu’s national adaptation programme of action—Under the auspices of the United Nations framework convention on climate change. Government of Tuvalu, Tuvalu.

  • Ministry of FATTEL GovTV (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour Government of Tuvalu), (2016). Tuvalu national biodiversity strategy and action plan. 2012–2016. Fifth national report to the convention on biological diversity. [Compiled by Randy Thaman with assistance from Faoliu Teakau, Moe Saitala, Epu Falega, Feagaiga Penivao, Mataio Tekenene and Semese Alefaio], Government of Tuvalu, Tuvalu.

  • Nunn, P. (2009). Responding to the challenges of climate change in the Pacific Islands: Management and technological imperatives. Climate Research, 40, 211–231. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nurse, L. A., McLean, R. F., Agard, J., Briguglio, V., Duvat-Magnan, N., Pelesikoti, E., Tompkins, & Webb, A. (2014). Small islands. In: Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In V.R. Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi,Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1613–1654.

  • Paeniu, S. (2021). Climate Speech at UNFCCC-COP 26 of the state of Tuvalu. Tuvalu climate minister Seve Paeniu for the State of Tuvalu, at 13.11.2021, UNFCCC-COP 26, Glasgow, GB-SCT. Retrieved 13 November, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49bUFQ0Xnw8

  • Pippard, H. (2009).The Pacific Islands: An analysis of the status of species as listed on the 2008 IUCN red list of threatened species™: Tuvalu. International union for nature conservation (IUCN), Gland, CH. Retrieved from https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Tuvalu/53.pdf. Downloaded on: 14.08.2019.

  • Price, T. (2002). The Canary is drowning: Tiny Tuvalu fights back against climate change. Corpwatch, article id-4988. http://www.corpwatch.org/campains/PCD.jsp?

  • PSIDS (2009). Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu: Views on the possible security implications of climate change to be included in the report of the secretary—General to the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly, Pacific Small Island Developing States, Permanent Mission of the Republic of Nauru to the United Nations, New York, NY. Retrieved 03, June, from www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-64/cc-inputs/PSIDS_CCIS.pdf

  • Rabie, A., Serizawa, M., Mimura, N., Sannami, T., Yamada, K., & Furuike, K. (1997). Assessment of sea-level rise impacts on the coastal area of Funafuti, Tuvalu. In Pacific Coasts and Ports'97. Proceedings (Vol. 2, pp. 687–692).

  • Reid, H., Alam, M., Berger, R., Cannon, T., Huq, S., & Milligan, A. (2009). Community-based adaptation to climate change: an overview. In: participatory learning and Action 60 community-based adaptation to climate change. iied: Russel Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 11–30.

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2011). Sustaining landscapes—Landscape units for climate adaptive regional planning. Conference presentation and proceeding of abstracts of the international World Heritage Studies (WHS)—Alumni—Conference, World Heritage and Sustainable Development“ from 16.–19.06.2011, IAWHP (International Association for World Heritage Professionals), Cottbus, Germany, presentation-slides, p. 1–107+ p. 18 in online-publication: http://www.iawhp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/IAWHP2011_Book-Abtracts.pdf

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2013). Sustaining landscapes—Landscape units for climate adaptive regional planning. Conference proceeding of the international World Heritage Studies (WHS)—Alumni—Conference „World Heritage and Sustainable Development “from 16.–19.06.2011, IAWHP (International Association for World Heritage Professionals), Cottbus, Germany, p. 45–65, ISBN 978–3–00–041891–4.

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2014). Sustaining UNESCO biosphere reserve spree forest – The right for preserving landscape values in the German Lusatia Region. Conference proceeding of the World Heritage Studies (WHS) – Alumni – Conference „The Right for [World] Heritage“ from 23.-25.10.2014, IAWHP (International Association for World Heritage Professionals) Cottbus, Germany, ISBN 978-3-00-047536-8.

  • Reinstädtler, S. & Schmidt, M. (2015). Environmental impact assessment for urban water reuse—A tool for sustainable development. Chapter 21. In S. Eslamian (Ed.), Handbook of urban water reuse (pp. 243–257), CRC Press.

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2017a). Spatial Determination of the SDGs for activating regional management in spree forest and lusatia region and its lusatian traditional and modern 21st century landscapes. In: Conference proceeding of abstracts of the SustEcon Conference—The contribution of a sustainable economy to achieving the SDGs“from 25.-26.09.2017a, organized by NaWiKo, Berlin, Germany, (Abstract in preparation for conference proceeding). www.nachhaltigeswirtschaften-soef.de

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2017b). Why spatially determining of SDGs matters for landscapes in the German Lusatia Region. Oral presentation in the form of a TED-Talk as a Landscape Talk at 20.12.17. Forum Contribution at the „Global Landscape Forum 2017b, Bonn from 19.-20.12.2017b, organized by CIFOR, Bonn, Germany. Video-source (Day 2: Wednesday, 20th December 2017b, Landscape Talks Block 2, 11:00–12:30) beginning with minute 24:49: http://events.globallandscapesforum.org/landscape-talk/bonn-2017b/day-2/block-2/spatially-determining-sdgs-matters-landscapes-german-lusatia-region/

  • Reinstädtler, S., Islam, S. N., & Eslamian, S. (2017). Drought management for landscape and rural security. Chapter 8. In S. Eslamian & F. A. Eslamian (Eds.), Handbook of drought and water scarcity. Vol. 2, Management of Drought and Water Scarcity, CRC Press.

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2019). Bedeutung Klima-Smarter Planung für Nachhaltende Landschaften und Landnutzungen in den Transformationsprozessen der Region Lausitz“ (Engl. Translation: „Significance of Climate Smart Planning for Sustaining Landscapes and Land Uses in the Transformation Processes of Lusatia Region“) at 30.09.19. Conference proceeding of abstracts of the IALE-D-Conference „Landschaft im Klimaschutz“—„Landscape in Climate Protection“ within the section of „Change Management im Klimaschutz“—„Change Management in Climate Protection“ from 30.09.-02.10.2019, organized by International Association for Landscape Ecology, Section Germany (IALE-D) and University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2021a). Innovations in theoretical approaches for spatially determining SDGs on landscape scale and regional planning level—Application for sustainably governing spree forest and Lusatia Region in Germany. In C. Johansson & V. Mauerhofer (Eds.), Accelerating the progress towards the 2030 SDGs in times of crisis. In: Conference proceeding of the 27th Annual ISDRS-Conference 2021 within the section of „I. Sustainability and Science“—„Ia. Theoretical Approaches“ at 13.07.2021 (PhD-presentation) and 14.07.2021 (Conference-presentation), from 13.07.-15.07.2021, organized by the International Sustainable Development Research Society (ISDRS) and Mid Sweden University, Department of Media and Communication Science and Department of Ecotechnology and Sustainable Building, Östersund, Sweden, ISBN 978–91–89341–17–3 (Article in conf. proceed.). Online available: http://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1608600/FULLTEXT01.pdf

  • Reinstädtler, S. (2021b). An innovative land approach for spatially determining SDGs —sustainably governing German spree forest and lusatia region. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture (JCEA), 15(11), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-7359/2021.11.004

  • Rogatnev, Y., Scherba, V., Marakaeva, T., Nozhenko, T., Kapitulina, N. (2018). Adaptation of the land use system as one of the main paradigms of the modern agricultural land use. International Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE) 7, 301–305. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15.18693

  • Rudiak-Gould, P. (2013). Climate change and tradition in a small Island state. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sagnia, B. K., (2004). Framework for cultural impact assessment. Cultural impact assessment project. international network for cultural diversity (INCD), Dakar, Senegal.

  • Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods. A framework for analysis. Ids working paper 72.

  • Seagal, S.& Horne, D. (1997). Human dynamics: A new framework for understanding people and realizing the potential in our organizations. Forward by Peter, M. Senge, author of the 5th discipline. PEGASUS Communications, INC, WALTHAM.

  • Shimata, P. A. & Brady, T. M. (2003). Tuvalu borrow pit fill site assessment and cost study.

  • Shorten, G., Schmall, S., & Oliver, S. (2005). Building capacity to insure against disaster in Tuvalu. SOPAC Technical report 308. SOPAC Secretariat, Suva.

  • Sloolweg, R., & Beukering, P. V. (2008). Valuation of ecosystem services and strategic environmental assessment: Lessons from influential cases. The Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. (1995). Assessment of Lagoon sand and aggregate resources: Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. SOPAC technical report 212. SOPAC Secretariat, Suva.

  • Smith, P. F. (2005). Architecture in a climate change (pp. 1–294). Routledge-Taylor & Francis, London. ISBN-9780750665445.

  • Smith, A. & Jones, K. L. (2007). ICOMOS, world heritage convention: Cultural landscapes of the Pacific Islands. ICOMOS Thematic study, ICOMOS, Paris.

  • SOPAC. (2008). World water day- Sanitation for healthy Pacific communities, Suva, Fiji.

  • Storlazzi, C. D., Gingerich, S. B., van Dongeren, A., Cheriton, O.M., Swarzenski, P. W., Quataert, E., … McCall, R. (2018). Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of sea-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding. Science Advances. 4(4). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29707635/

  • Sun, P. & Zhang, X. (2011). Fairness versus efficiency in Chinese environmental policy: A perspective from environmental policy tools. In: Korean association for policy studies (KAPS), international conference proceeding, 17–18 June, Seoul Korea, pp. 263–286.

  • Thaman, R. R. & Neemia, U. (1991). Tuvalu: National report for the united nations conference on environment and development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 1992. Office of the Prime Minister, Vaiaku, Funafuti, Tuvalu and South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Noumea, pp. 231.

  • Thaman, R. R. (2016). The Flora of Tuvalu: Lakau Mo Mouku o Tuvalu. The Smithsonian Institution. Book. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0077-5630.611

  • Tuvalu Central Statistics Division and Pacific Community (2018). Tuvalu 2015/2016 housing, income and expenditure survey (HIES) full report. Tuvalu Central Statistics Division, Funafuti, TUVALU, p. 1–90.

  • UN (United Nations), (2002). A threat to our human rights: Tuvalu's perspective on climate change. Retrieved 15 May, 2019, from https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/threat-our-human-rights-tuvalus-perspective-climate-change

  • UNESCO (United Nations Education Science and Cultural Organization). (2006). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention. UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (United Nations Education Science and Cultural Organization). (2008). Policy document on the impacts of climate change on world heritage properties. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veitayaki, J. (2009). Application of indigenous knowledge for disaster risk reduction in the Pacific Islands. In R. Shaw, A. Sharma, & Y. Takeuchi (Eds.), Indigenous knowledge and disaster risk reduction: From practice to policy (pp. 241–254). Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watling, D. (1998). Funafuti Marine Conservation Area, Tuvalu. Report of the Bird Survey. Environmental Consultants Fiji, Ltd. Suva. Fiji.

  • WBG and ADB—World Bank Group and Asian Development Bank. (2021). Climate risk country profile: Tuvalu. WBG and ADB, USA and Philippines.

  • Webb, A. P. (2004). Assessment of aggregate supply, pond and lagoon water quality and causeway construction on Funafuti and Vaitupu Atolls. EU-SOPAC project report 36.

  • Webb, A. P. (2005). Technical report—An assessment of coastal processes, impacts, erosion mitigation options and beach mining. Project report, 46, South Pacific Applied Geoscience and Communication, Suva, pp. 47.

  • Webb, A.P. (2006). Coastal change analysis using multi-temporal image comparisons—Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. EU-SOPAC Project Report 54. SOPAC Secretariat, Suva, Fiji.

  • Whyte, I. D. (1995). Climate change and human society. Arnold, London, UK, pp. 141—174.

  • World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), (2002). The Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development adopted in Johannesburg, South Africa, on 4th September 2002, WSSD.

  • World Resource Institute, (2008). Roots of resilience: growing the wealth of the poor. World Resources Institute, Washington DC, USA.

  • World Bank. (2019). Population, CC BY-4.0 via World Bank, USA. Retrieved 15 May, 2019, form https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TV

  • Yarina, E., & Takemoto, S. (2017). Interrupted atolls: Riskscapes and edge imaginaries in Tuvalu. The Plan Journal, 2(2), 461–495. https://doi.org/10.15274/tpj.2017.02.02.15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zinatloo-Ajabshir, S., Mortazavi, S., & Salavati-Niasari, M. (2017). Schiff-base hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of Nd2O3 nanostructures for effective photocatalytic degradation of eriochrome black T dye as water contaminant. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7726-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geography, Environment and Development Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS), Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

    Shafi Noor Islam

  2. Independent Scientist as University of Technology Dresden - Alumna, Dresden, Germany

    Sandra Reinstädtler

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East-West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh

    Md Sumon Reza

  4. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE-1410, Brunei Darussalam

    Shammya Afroze & Abul Kalam Azad

Authors
  1. Shafi Noor Islam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandra Reinstädtler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Md Sumon Reza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shammya Afroze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abul Kalam Azad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shafi Noor Islam.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Islam, S.N., Reinstädtler, S., Reza, M.S. et al. Climate change versus livelihoods, heritage and ecosystems in small Island states of the Pacific: a case study on Tuvalu. Environ Dev Sustain 25, 7669–7712 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02367-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02367-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation