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Assessment of indoor air quality and housing, household and health characteristics in densely populated urban slums

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Abstract

This study provides the first quantitative assessment of seasonal variation in indoor PM2.5 in the high-air pollution risk and densely populated slums in Mumbai, India and estimates the contributions of indoor and outdoor sources to it. Indoor and outdoor 24-h averaged gravimetric PM2.5 (nind = 20 homes, nout = 10 days) was measured during summer (May–June 2016) and winter (January–March 2017). During the summer, real-time PM2.5, Lung Deposited Surface Area and Black Carbon were also measured (nind = 8, nout = 8). Additionally, detailed questionnaire surveys on housing, household and health characteristics were conducted in ~ 500 homes of the seven Mumbai slums. More than 60% of the homes in slums had no separate kitchen or cross-ventilation, especially in low socioeconomic status homes. Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were reported in 15% and 6% of the households, respectively, with a higher prevalence in homes burning mosquito coils. Significantly higher indoor PM2.5 was observed during winter (111 ± 30 µg/m3) than summer (36 ± 12 µg/m3). Although liquefied petroleum gas was the only indoor cooking fuel reported, the winter-time indoor levels were similar or higher than the concentrations observed in other urban slum homes using biomass fuels for cooking. This could be attributed to the alarmingly high winter-time ambient PM2.5 (192 ± 80 µg/m3) and its larger contribution to indoor PM2.5 (81%). On the other hand, the contribution of indoor and local outdoor sources was significantly higher for Lung Deposited Surface Area (33%) and Black Carbon (43%) compared to PM2.5 (19%), which are more fine and toxicity-relevant particle metrics.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

source contribution from real-time indoor PM2.5 in a slum home. a shows the real-time one-minute indoor PM2.5 profile. b shows the distribution of indoor PM2.5 values below median (considered as background concentration). c illustrates the filtering of concentrations influenced by indoor sources. Marked time period in figure (c) corresponds to dinner cooking

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Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the IRCC, IIT Bombay under the seed Grant No. RD/0516-IRCCSH0-008, as well as the partial support from MHRD, Govt. of India Grant NO. RD/0114-IMHPC06-003. We thank Darwin Varghese, Saurabh Lohe and Muhammed Gulam Tajdaar for their kind help during household questionnaire surveys and air pollution monitoring campaigns. We are grateful to Dr Martin Fierz, Naneos Particle Solutions, GMBH, Switzerland for the generous support with Partectors. We are also thankful to all the survey participants of seven slums and the residents of Santosh Nagar and Hanuman Nagar slums for providing access to their homes to conduct indoor air pollution measurements.

Funding

This project is supported by the IRCC, IIT Bombay under the seed grant no. RD/0516-IRCCSH0-008, as well as the partial support from MHRD, Govt. of India grant no. RD/0114-IMHPC06-003.

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  1. Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India

    Abhay Anand

  2. Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, MH, India

    Harish C. Phuleria

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H.C.P. contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by A.A. The first draft of the manuscript was written by A.A., and H.C.P. reviewed and edited previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Anand, A., Phuleria, H.C. Assessment of indoor air quality and housing, household and health characteristics in densely populated urban slums. Environ Dev Sustain 24, 11929–11952 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01923-x

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