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Contamination impact and human health risk in surface soils surrounding the abandoned mine of Zeïda, High Moulouya, Northeastern Morocco

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Abstract

The study assesses the levels of 16 heavy metals (HMs) in soils around the Zeïda mine to provide information on the extent of contamination, the ecological risk of these HMs in soils, and the health risk to the residents of the Zeïda village. Total metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for 20 sampling stations around the mining area. The average concentrations of HMs (mg/kg) in the study area were as follows: Ag (2.3), As (90.4), Ba (1605.1), Be (3.1), Co (11.2), Cr (57.6), Cu (33.9), Mn (499.6), Mo (6.1), Ni (23.4), Pb (1338.7), Sb (7.4), Se (1.3), Sn (11.3), Sr (596.5), and Zn (87.9). They were higher than those at the control sites. Twelve single and integrated ecological risk indices, namely Nemerow Pollution Index (PINemerow), Contamination degree (Cd), and Potential Ecological Risk (RI), were used and suggested that tailings and their nearby soils had a moderate to high contamination potential. Based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the carcinogenic risk, non-carcinogenic, hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated with three routes: ingestion, inhalation, and dermal for children and adults. For both children and adults, HI for HMs was in the order: Mn > As > Co > Pb > 1 > other HMs. Mn, As, and Co were hazardous at 90% of soil sampling stations, while Pb was hazardous in tailings samples. The inhalation and dermal carcinogenic risks presented negligible to acceptable levels. The ingestion carcinogenic risk posed a significant issue for As, which tended to be serious for children at the majority of sampling sites.

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Data Availability

Research datasets are submitted as supplementary electronic materials.

Code Availability

R Studio version R 3.6.1 (open-source/free) and XLSTAT software version 2018.5 (Addinsoft).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Géoressources, Unité Associée Au CNRST (URAC 42), Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques Marrakech, BP. 549, Bd Abdelkarim Khattabi, 40000, Guéliz Marrakech, Morocco

    Oumayma Nassiri & Ali Rhoujjati

  2. Laboratoire de Géologie BP.6210, CRMEF, Madinat Al Irfane, 10000, Rabat, Morocco

    Moulay Lâarabi EL Hachimi

  3. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, BP 80Cedex 4, 13545, Aix en Provence, France

    Jean Paul Ambrosi

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  1. Oumayma Nassiri
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  2. Moulay Lâarabi EL Hachimi
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Oumayma NASSIRI, first author, has realized an original work based on different modules through data collection, experimentation, and other statistical analyses under the supervision of Ali Rhoujjati, Moulay Lâarabi EL Hachimi. They have corrected and evaluated the manuscript with Jean Paul Ambrosi and guided in all the phases of research with full supervision.

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Nassiri, O., EL Hachimi, M.L., Ambrosi, J.P. et al. Contamination impact and human health risk in surface soils surrounding the abandoned mine of Zeïda, High Moulouya, Northeastern Morocco. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 17030–17059 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01380-6

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