Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of tourism development on the local livelihoods and land cover change in the Northern Vietnamese highlands

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the 1990s, some districts in the Northern Vietnamese highlands were opened for international tourism. The development of tourism was expected to bring a new income source to remote mountain areas. This paper analyzes the association between tourism development, local livelihoods and land cover change at the household level. Sa Pa district was selected as a case study. In 25 rural villages within Sa Pa, 487 households were interviewed. This allowed us to classify rural households in three livelihood types: (1) full-time farming, (2) farming with limited involvement in tourism and (3) farming and major involvement in tourism activities. Next, the association between tourism and land cover change at the household level was quantified. The results show that the introduction of tourism increased the living standard of the ethnic minorities and led to more intensive farming systems with forest regrowth on abandoned fields. Nevertheless, the involvement in tourism is location dependent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

(Source: first author in 2012)

Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, W. M., Aveling, R., Brockington, D., Dickson, B., Elliott, J., Hutton, J., et al. (2004). Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science,306(5699), 1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097920.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adiyia, B., Vanneste, D., Van Rompaey, A., & Ahebwa, W. M. (2014). Spatial analysis of tourism income distribution in the accommodation sector in western Uganda. Tourism and Hospitality Research,14(1–2), 8–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adiyia, B., Vanneste, D., & VanRompaey, A. (2017). The poverty alleviation potential of tourism employment as an off-farm activity on the local livelihoods surrounding Kibale National Park, western Uganda. Tourism and Hospitality Research,17(1), 34–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akyeampong, O. A. (2011). Pro-poor tourism: Residents’ expectations, experiences and perceptions in the Kakum National Park area of Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(2), 197–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Logistic regression using the SAS system: Theory and application. Cary: SAS Institute Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asadzadeh, A., & Mousavi, M. S. S. (2017). The role of tourism on the environment and its governing law. Electronic Journal of Biology,13(2), 152–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atik, M., Altan, T., & Artar, M. (2010). Land use changes in relation to coastal tourism developments in Turkish Mediterranean. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,19(1), 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Hughes, K. (2009). Tourists’ support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences. Tourism Management,30(5), 658–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basurto-Barcia, J., & Ricaurte-Quijano, C. (2017). Women in tourism: Gender (in)equalities in university teaching and research. Anatolia,28(4), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1370781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beheshti, M. B., Mohammadzadeh, P., & Ghasemlou, K. (2017). The Impact of Tourism Development on Income Inequality in Iranian Provinces. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development,6(22), 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnin, C., & Turner, S. (2012). At what price rice? Food security, livelihood vulnerability, and state interventions in upland northern Vietnam. Geoforum,43, 95–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnin, C., & Turner, S. (2013). ‘A good wife stays home’: Gendered negotiations over state agricultural programmes, upland Vietnam. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography,. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2013.832663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhard, B., Müller, A., Müller, F., Grescho, V., Anh, Q., Arida, G., et al. (2015). Land cover-based ecosystem service assessment of irrigated rice cropping systems in southeast Asia—An explorative study. Ecosystem Services,14, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.05.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R., & Hinch, T. (2007). Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications (2nd ed.). London: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castella, J. C., Pham, H. M., Kam, S. P., Villano, L., & Tronche, N. R. (2005). Analysis of village accessibility and its impact on land use dynamics in a mountainous province of northern Vietnam. Applied Geography,25, 308–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, T. C., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (1999). “New Asia—Singapore”: Communicating local cultures through global tourism. Geoforum,30(2), 101–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christ, C., Hilel, O., Matus, S., & Sweeting, J. (2003). Tourism and biodiversity: Mapping tourism’s Global footprint. Washington, DC: Conservation International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dang, K. B., Burkhard, B., Müller, F., & Dang, V. B. (2018). Modelling and mapping natural hazard regulating ecosystem services in Sapa. Lao Cai province: Paddy and Water Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-018-0667-6.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, S., Deichmann, U., & Wheeler, D. (2005). Where is the Poverty-Environment Nexus? Evidence from Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. World Development,33(4), 617–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Commerce and Tourism of Sa Pa district (2009). The tourism annual report of Sa Pa district. Sa Pa, Vietnam.

  • Devereux, B. J., Amable, G. S., & Posada, C. C. (2004). An efficient image segmentation algorithm for landscape analysis. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,6, 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine, J., & Ojeda, D. (2017). Violence and dispossession in tourism development: A critical geographical approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,25(5), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1293401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, R., Yu, L., & Liu, G. (2008). Impact of tourism development on land-cover change in a matriarchal community in the Lugu Lake area. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,15, 28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duong, B. H. (2008). Sự thay đổi các mối quan hệ lao động ở một bản H’mông tại Sa Pa, Tây Bắc Việt Nam (Changing Labor Relations in a Hmong Village in SaPa, Northwestern Vietnam). In T. Sikor, J. Sowerwine, J. Romm, & P. T. Nghiem (Eds.), Những chuyển đổi kinh tế - xã hội ở vùng cao Việt Nam (Upland Transformations) (pp. 85-97). Hanoi, Vietnam: CRES (Trung tâm Nghiên cứu tài nguyên và Môi Trường, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội).

  • Ertaş, Şebnem, Sönmez, Elif, Torun, Alper, & Torun, Firdevs Kulak. (2017). The Awareness of Locals in Culture Tourism: The Sample of Sille/Konya. Journal of Sustainable Development,10(2), 125–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters,27, 861–874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, L. (2011). Promoting gender equality and empowering women? Tourism and the third Millennium Development Goal. Current Issues in Tourism,14(3), 235–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, T. J. (1995). Tourism and agricultural development in Thailand. Annals of tourism research,22(4), 877–900.

    Google Scholar 

  • García-Martínez, A., Bernués, A., & Olaizola, A. M. (2011). Simulation of mountain cattle farming system changes under diverse agricultural policies and off-farm labour scenarios. Livestock Science,137(1–3), 73–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garg, S. (2017). Environmental issues surrounding human overpopulation. In R. P. Singh, A. Singh, & V. Srivastava (Eds.), Impact of overpopulation on land use pattern (p. 154). Hershey: IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaughan, A. E., Binford, M. W., & Southworth, J. (2009). Tourism, forest conversion, and land transformations in the Angkor basin, Cambodia. Applied Geography,29(2), 212–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • General Statistics Office Of Lao Cai province. (2013). Lao Cai statistical yearbook 2012. Hanoi: Statistical publishing house.

    Google Scholar 

  • General Statistics Office Of Lao Cai province. (2017). Lao Cai statistical yearbook 2016. Lao Cai: Statistical publishing house.

    Google Scholar 

  • General Statistics Office Of Vietnam (2010). National Vietnamese Census, Year book. The people committee of Sa Pa district. Lao Cai, Vietnam.

  • Getahun, K., Van Rompaey, A., Van Turnhout, P., & Poesen, J. (2013). Factors controlling patterns of deforestation in moist evergreen Afromontane forests of Southwest Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management,304, 171–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gössling, S. (2002). Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change,12, 283–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guns, M., & Vanacker, V. (2012). Logistic regression applied to natural hazards: Rare event logistic regression with replications. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,12, 1937–1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. M. (2006). Tourism, biodiversity and global environmental change. In S. Gössling & C. M. Hall (Eds.), Tourism and Global environmental change. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. M. (2011). Seeing the forest for the trees: Tourism and the International Year of Forests. Journal of Heritage Tourism,6(4), 271–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. M., & Boyd, S. (2005). Nature-based tourism and regional development in peripheral areas: Introduction. In C. M. Hall & S. Boyd (Eds.), Tourism and nature-based tourism in peripheral areas: Development or disaster (pp. 3–20). Clevedon: Channel view publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. M., & Lew, A. A. (2009). Understanding and Managing Tourism Impacts: An integrated approach. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D., & Schipani, S. (2007). Lao tourism and poverty alleviation: Community-based tourism and the private sector. Current Issues in Tourism,10(2–3), 194–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoang, H. T. T., Vanacker, V., Van Rompaey, A., Vu, K. C., & Nguyen, A. T. (2014). Changing human-landscape interactions after development of tourism in the northern Vietnamese Highlands. Anthropocene. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.08.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hohl, A. E., & Tisdell, C. A. (1995). Peripheral tourism: Development and management. Annals of tourism research,22(3), 517–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iorio, M., & Corsale, A. (2010). Rural tourism and livelihood strategies in Romania. Journal of Rural Studies,26(2), 152–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, K. (2012). The impact of ethnic tourism on hill tribes in Thailand. Annals of tourism research,39(1), 290–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jadin, I., Vanacker, V., & Hoang, T. T. H. (2013). Drivers of forest cover dynamics in smallholder farming systems: The case of Northwestern Vietnam. Ambio,42(3), 344–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Job, H., & Paesler, F. (2013). Links between nature-based tourism, protected areas, poverty alleviation and crises—The example of Wasini Island (Kenya). Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism,1(2), 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khuc, Q. V., Tran, B. Q., Meyfroidt, P., & Paschke, M. W. (2018). Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam: An exploratory analysis at the national level. Forest Policy and Economics,90, 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.02.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuvan, Y., & Akan, P. (2005). Residents’ attitudes toward general and forest-related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek. Antalya. Tourism Management,26(5), 691–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mak, A. H. N., Lumbers, M., & Eves, A. (2012). Globalisation and food consumption in tourism. Annals of tourism research,39(1), 171–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcouiller, D. W., & Xia, X. (2008). Distribution of income from tourism-sensitive employment. Tourism Economics,14(3), 545–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbaiwa, J. (2011). Changes on traditional livelihood activities and life styles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management,32, 1050–1060.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbaiwa, J., & Kolawole, O. D. (2013). Tourism and biodiversity conservation: The case of Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa (Vol. 8).

  • Mearns, K. (2012). Community-based tourism and peace parks: Benefits to local communities through conservation in Southern Africa. Acta Academica,44(2), 70–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, E., Kramer, R., & Sharma, N. (1995). Rain forest tourism—estimating the benefits of tourism development in a new national park in Madagascar. Journal of Forest Economics,1(2), 239–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyfroidt, P., & Lambin, E. F. (2009). Forest transition in Vietnam and displacement of deforestation abroad. PNAS,106(38), 16139–16144. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904942106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michaud, J., & Turner, S. (2006). Contending visions of a hill-station in Vietnam. Annals of Tourism Research,33(3), 785–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.02.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. (2012). Value chain approaches to assessing the impact of tourism on low-income households in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,20(3), 457–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • MONRE (2002). Aerial photos. Department of Survey and Mapping, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE).

  • MONRE (2012). VHR-SPOT image 2012. Remote Sensing Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam (MONRE).

  • Mukherjee, L., & Abir (2017). Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy. http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Impact_of_tourism_in_coastal_areas:_Need_of_sustainable_tourism_strategy. Accessed 30-7 2018.

  • Nguyen, M. T. (2006). Nghiên cứu nguồn lợi và tiềm năng thuỷ sản nước lạnh ở các tỉnh miền núi phía Bắc Việt Nam (Research on the of cold-water aquaculture in the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam). Scientific research projects at ministry level.

  • Nguyen, X. T. (2010). Mô hình nuôi cá hồi vân ở Sa Pa (Lào Cai) - Một hướng đi khai thác hiệu quả nguồn “Tài nguyên lạnh” ở vùng núi phía bắc Việt Nam (The model of raising salmon (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province - An orientation to effectively exploit “the cold resources” in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam. Journal of Science and Technology (Thai Nguyen University), 73(1), 127–133.

  • Nyaupane, G. P., & Poudel, S. (2011). Linkages among biodiversity, livelihood, and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research,38(4), 1344–1366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obua, J., & Harding, D. M. (1997). Environmental impact of ecotourism in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,5(3), 213–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pontius, R. G. J., & Schneider, L. C. (2001). Land-cover change model validation by an ROC method for the Ipswich watershed, Massachusetts, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment,85, 239–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poyatos, R., Latron, J., & Llorens, P. (2003). Land use and land cover change after agricultural abandonment. Mountain Research and Development,23, 362–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Racurs (2009). Photomod 4.4 Overview. User manual. Moscow.

  • Rasekhi, S., Karimi, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2016). Environmental impacts of tourism, A case study of selected developing and developed countries. The Journal of Tourism Planning and Development,5(16), 71–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raza, S. A., & Shah, N. (2017). Tourism growth and income inequality: Does Kuznets Curve hypothesis exist in top tourist arrival countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,22(8), 874–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1343742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. G. (2006). Conservation biology and real-world conservation. Conservation Biology,20(3), 658–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruelland, D., Tribotte, A., Puech, C., & Dieulin, C. (2011). Comparison of methods for LUCC monitoring over 50 years from aerial photographs and satellite images in a Sahelian catchment. International Journal of Remote Sensing,32(6), 1747–1777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheyvens, R. (2000). Promoting women’s empowerment through involvement in ecotourism: Experiences from the third world. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,8(3), 232–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J., & Selwyn, T. (2010). Thinking through tourism. New York: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowerwine, J. (2004a). The political ecology of Dao (Yao) landscape transformations: Territory, gender, and livelihood politics in Highland Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowerwine, J. (2004b). Territorialisation and the Politics of Highland landscapes in Vietnam: Negotiating property relations in policy, meaning and practice. Conservation and Society,2(1), 98–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spenceley, A., & Goodwin, H. (2007). Nature-based tourism and poverty alleviation: Impacts of private sector and parastatal enterprises in and around Kruger National Park, South Africa. Current Issues in Tourism,10(2–3), 255–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankova, M. (2015). Raising cultural awareness of local traditions through festival tourism. Tourism and Management Studies,11(1), 120–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management,3, 136–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekken, V., Spangenberg, J. H., Burkhard, B., Escalada, M., Escalada, M., Stoll-Kleemann, S., et al. (2017). Things are different now”: Farmer perceptions of cultural ecosystem services of traditional rice landscapes in Vietnam and the Philippines. Ecosystem Services,25, 153–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truong, V. D., & Hall, C. M. (2015). Exploring the poverty reduction potential of social marketing in tourism development. Australian Journal of South-East Asian Studies,8(2), 125–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truong, V. D., Hall, C. M., & Garry, T. (2014). Tourism and poverty alleviation: Perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa, Vietnam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.871019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tugault-Lafleur, C., & Turner, S. (2009). The price of spice: Ethnic minority livelihoods and cardamom commodity chains in upland northern Vietnam. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography,30(3), 388–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. (2012a). “Forever Hmong”: Ethnic minority livelihoods and agrarian transition in Upland Northern Vietnam. The Professional Geographer,64(4), 540–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. (2012b). Making a living the Hmong way: An actor-oriented livelihoods approach to everyday politics and resistance in upland Vietnam. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,102(2), 403–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S., & Michaud, J. (2009). ‘Weapons of the Week’: Selective Resistance and Agency among the Hmong in Northern Vietnam. In S. Turner & D. Caouette (Eds.), Agrarian angst and rural resistance in contemporary Southeast Asia (pp. 45–60). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vu, K. C., Rompaey, A. V., Govers, G., Vanacker, V., Schmook, B., & Nguyen, H. (2013). Land transitions in Northwest Vietnam: An integrated analysis of biophysical and socio-cultural factors. Human Ecology,41(1), 37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vu, N., & Sato, M. (2010). Tourism and amenity migration in hill stations: The case study of Sapa in Vietnam. Advanced Tourism Studies,7, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., & Liu, Y. (2013). Tourism-led land-use changes and their environmental effects in the southern coastal region of Hainan Island, China. Journal of Coastal Research,29(5), 1118–1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiranatha, A. S., Antara, M., & Suryawardani, I. G. A. I. G. A. O. (2017). Impact of tourism leakage on the growth of economic sectors, employment and income distribution in Bali, Indonesia (Vol. 14).

  • Wong, P. P. (1998). Coastal tourism development in Southeast Asia: Relevance and lessons for coastal zone management. Ocean and Coastal Management,38, 89–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R. E. (1984). Ethnic tourism, the state, and cultural change in Southeast Asia. Annals of Tourism Research,11, 353–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worku, M. (2017). The Role of Forest Biodiversity Conservation Practices for Tourism Development in a Case of Tara Gedam Monastery, South Gonder Zone. Ethiopia. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography,7(2), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Tourism Organization. (2012). Annual Report 2011. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Travel Tourism Council (2017). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2017. London.

  • XLSTAT software (2014). http://www.xlstat.com/en/download.html.

  • Yang, J., Ryan, C., & Zhang, L. (2013). Social conflict in communities impacted by tourism. Tourism Management,35, 82–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwane, A. P. (2007). Does poverty constrain deforestation? Econometric evidence from Peru. Journal of Development Economics,84(1), 330–349.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research is funded by the Belgian Science Policy (BELSPO) under Grant number SPP PS BL/10/V26, by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.06-2012.20 and by the Vietnamese Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) under Grant number 42/2009/HĐ-NĐT. We are thankful to prof. Yuzuru ISODA, prof. Doo-chul KIM and MSc. Duong Thi Thuy for sharing their expertise on household surveys in Northern Vietnam. We also thank the group of students of K53 and K54 of the Faculty of Geography, VNU University of Science, and village leaders and local people in Sa Pa district for facilitating the interviews and the collection of field data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Geography, VNU- University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Thi Thu Huong Hoang

  2. Division of Geography and Tourism, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, bus 2409, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium

    Thi Thu Huong Hoang, Anton Van Rompaey & Gerard Govers

  3. Earth and Life Institute, Georges Lemaître Center for Earth and Climate Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 3, Bte L4.03.08, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Thi Thu Huong Hoang, Patrick Meyfroidt & Veerle Vanacker

  4. Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences, VNU, 336 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Kim Chi Vu

  5. Centre for Advanced Research on Global Change (CARGC), Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam

    An Thinh Nguyen

  6. Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium

    Luc Hens

Authors
  1. Thi Thu Huong Hoang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anton Van Rompaey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Patrick Meyfroidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gerard Govers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kim Chi Vu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. An Thinh Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Luc Hens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Veerle Vanacker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thi Thu Huong Hoang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hoang, T.T.H., Van Rompaey, A., Meyfroidt, P. et al. Impact of tourism development on the local livelihoods and land cover change in the Northern Vietnamese highlands. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 1371–1395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0253-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0253-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation