Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The personal, social and environmental sustainability of Jainism in light of Maharishi Vedic Science

  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Jain tradition of ecological awareness and sustainability has been well documented over the last 25 years, although its roots lie deep in Indian history, specifically in texts such as the Tattvārtha Sūtra and Ācārāṇga Sūtra. This traditional body of knowledge includes a long-standing theory and practice of personal, social and environmental sustainability, addressing such views as the interconnectedness of humans and the laws of nature, the interdependence of everything in the universe, the responsibility of humans to conserve and preserve natural resources, the avoidance of wanton and unnecessary waste generation, and a general aversion to mistreating or abusing the environment. These views encapsulate the lifestyles of some ten million people, including both mendicants and laity. Similarly, Maharishi Vedic Science, the systematic exploration and practical application of the Veda and Vedic Literature as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, makes a compelling case for establishing the unity of human life with nature and for promoting actions which guarantee both the protection of nature and protection by it. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the principles of sustainability in Jainism and the corresponding viewpoint of Maharishi Vedic Science, including supporting scientific evidence of its application, and to posit their contribution to a sustainable world future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrams, A. I., & Siegel, L. M. (1978). The Transcendental Meditation program and rehabilitation at Folsom State Prison: A cross validation study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 5(1), 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. N. (1992). Peaceful body, peaceful mind, peaceful world. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 5, 150–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. N. (2011). Peaceful body, peaceful mind, peaceful world. In M. C. Dillbeck (Ed.), Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme (pp. 4510–4518). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. N., Rainforth, M. V., & Gelderloos, P. (1991). Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 189–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. N., Robinson, P., & Rainforth, M. (1994). Treating and prevention alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 11, 13–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1982). Transcendental Meditation program and marital status. Psychological Report, 51, 887–890.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaufort, M. (2011). Consciousness-based education and art. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar, B. J. (2006). Ecology and spirituality in the Jain tradition. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 170–180). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, K. L., King, K. D., & Titus, B. D. (2011). Improving the national economy through alliance with nature’s government: Effects of the group practice of Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. In M. C. Dillbeck (Ed.), Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme (pp. 4485–4509). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers, R., Clements, G., Schenkluhn, H., & Weinless, M. (Eds.). (1989a). Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme: Collected papers, (Vol. 2). Vlodrop: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers, R., Clements, G., Schenkluhn, H., & Weinless, M. (Eds.). (1989b). Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme: Collected Papers (Vol. 3). Vlodrop: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers, R., Clements, G., Schenkluhn, H., & Weinless, M. (Eds.). (1989c). Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme: Collected Papers (Vol. 4). Vlodrop: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, K. (2011). Modern science and Vedic science: An introduction. In M. Scaroni-Fisher and D. Fisher (Eds.), Consciousness-based Education and Sustainability, Volume 11 (pp. 397–430), Consciousness-based Education: A Foundation for Teaching and Learning in the Academic Disciplines (a series of 12 volumes), Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

  • Chapple, C. H. (Ed.). (2006a). Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the web of life. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapple, C. H. (2006b). Jainism and ecology: Transformation of tradition. In R. S. Gottleib (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology (pp. 147–159). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cort, J. E. (2006). Green Jainism? Notes and queries toward a possible Jain environmental ethic. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 63–94). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. L., & Alexander, C. N. (2005). Alleviating political violence through reducing collective tension: Impact assessment analysis of the Lebanon war. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17(1), 285–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillbeck, M. C. (Ed.). (2011). Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme: Collected Papers (Vol. 6). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillbeck, S. L., & Dillbeck, M. C. (1997). Twenty-five years of unfolding knowledge of pure consciousness through Maharishi Vedic Science: Introduction to the issue. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 7(1), 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dundas, P. (2006). The limits of a Jain environmental ethic. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 95–117). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. (2011). Feeding the world without genetic engineering or chemical poisons—Maharishi Vedic approach to sustainable agriculture. In M. Scaroni-Fisher and D. Fisher (Eds.), Consciousness-based Education and Sustainability, Volume 11 (pp. 107–121), Consciousness-based Education: A Foundation for Teaching and Learning in the Academic Disciplines (a series of 12 volumes), Maharishi University of Management Press, Fairfield, IA, USA.

  • Fergusson, L. (1992). Field independence and art achievement in meditating and nonmeditating college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75, 1171–1175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, L., & Bonshek, A. (2013). Maharishi Vedic University in Cambodia: Educational reconstruction and social renewal. Gold Coast: Prana World Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, L., & Bonshek, A. (Eds.) (2015). The unmanifest canvas: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the arts, creativity and perception. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

  • Fergusson, L., Kettle, D., & Wells, G. (2017a). Indigenous accounts of environmental stewardship in light of the theory and language of Maharishi Vedic Science. International Journal of Society, Culture and Language, 5(1), 68–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, L., Wells, G., & Kettle, D. (2017b). The principles and practice of sustainability in Maharishi Vedic Science. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 3(3–1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1970). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frew, D. R. (1974). Transcendental Meditation and productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 16, 362–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisler, M. (1978). Therapeutische wirkungen der Transzendentalen Meditation auf drogenkonsumenten. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, 7(4), 235–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorini, C. A. (1997). How Maharishi Vedic Science answers the questions of the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the sciences. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 7(1), 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottleib, R. S. (Ed.). (2006). The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, J. D., & Jones, C. H. (1997). The significance of pure consciousness for education. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 7(1), 39–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, G. (1997). Vedic computation: Redefining computer science in the light of Maharishi Vedic Science. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 7(1), 193–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagelin, J. S. (1987a). Is consciousness the unified field? A field theorist’s perspective. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 1(1), 29–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagelin, J. S. (1987b). Restructuring physics from its foundation in the light of Maharishi’s Vedic Science. Modern Science and Vedic Science, 3(1), 3–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagelin, J. S. (2011). Achieving world peace through a new science and technology. In M. C. Dillbeck (Ed.), Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme (pp. 4534–4552). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, D. (2016). Higher consciousness for sustainability-as-flourishing. In S. Dhiman & J. Marques (Eds.), Spirituality and Sustainability: New Horizons and Exemplary Approaches (pp. 121–137). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herron, R. E. (2005). Can the Transcendental Meditation program reduce medical expenditures of older people? A longitudinal medical cost minimization study in Canada. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17(1), 415–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herron, R. E., & Graff, W. W. (2011). The intelligence model of organizational effectiveness: Its implications for enhanced productivity. In M. C. Dillbeck (Ed.), Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme (pp. 4467–4471). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, P. (2011). Dharma and ecology of Hindu communities: Sustenance and sustainability. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaini, P. S. (2006). Ecology, economics, and development in Jainism. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 141–156). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jevning, R., Wilson, A. F., Pirkle, H., O-Halloran, J. P., & Walsh, R. N. (1983). Metabolic control in a state of decreased activation: Modulation of red cell metabolism. American Journal of Physiology, 245, C457–C461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, M. S. (1987). Transcendental Meditation, consciousness and government. Perth: Gantheaume Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S. (2006). Jain ecology. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 181–190). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, J., & Narayan, R. (2003). Ecology and religion: Ecological concepts in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism. Muzaffarpur: Institute for Socio-Legal Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi European Research University. (1979). Making education ideal through the Transcendental Meditation programme and the Science of Creative Intelligence. Rheinweiler: Maharishi European Research University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi European Research University. (1984). Maharishi technology of the unified field: Results of scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programme. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi International College for the Age of Enlightenment. (1977). The fulfilment of law, justice and rehabilitation through the development of consciousness. West Germany: Maharishi European Research University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1957). Beacon light of the Himalayas. Kerala: International Meditation Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1966). The science of being and art of living. Washington, DC: Age of Enlightenment Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1969). Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita: A new translation and commentary, chapters 1–6. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1973). Alliance for knowledge. West Germany: Maharishi International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1977). Enlightenment in world psychiatry: The Transcendental Meditation technique new light on consciousness. West Germany: Maharishi European Research University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1978). Enlightenment for every individual, invincibility to every nation. Germany: Maharishi European University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1986). Life supported by natural law: Lectures by His Holiness Maharishi Mahesh Yogi to the World Assembly on Vedic Science July 9–17, 1985. Washington, DC: Age of Enlightenment Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1994). Maharishi Vedic University: Introduction. Holland: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1995). Maharishi’s absolute theory of government: Automation in administration. Delhi: Maharishi Ved Vigyan Vishwa Vidya Peetham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (1998). Celebrating perfection in administration: Creating invincible India. India: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. (2011). The science of being and art of living. [E-Reader version]. Maharishi University of Management Press, Fairfield, IA USA (the original version of this book was copyrighted in 1963 by the S.R.M. Foundation of India).

  • McLeod-Kilmurray, H. (2011). Vegetarianism and food governance: Sustainability and ecological justice. In K. Bosselmann, L. Westra, & C. Soskolne (Eds.), Globalisation and Ecological Integrity in Science and International Law (pp. 57–76). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Middlemiss, L. (2010). Reframing individual responsibility for sustainable consumption: Lessons from environmental justice and ecological citizenship. Environmental Values, 19(2), 147–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nader, T. (1993). Human physiology: Expression of Veda and the Vedic literature—modern science and ancient Vedic science discover the fabrics of immortality in the human physiology. Vlodrop: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nader, T. (2012). Rāmāyan in human physiology: Discovery of the eternal reality of the Rāmāyan in the structure and function of human physiology. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1973). Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 35, 341–349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orme-Johnson, D. W., & Farrow, J. T. (Eds.). (1977). Scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation program: Collected papers, (Vol. 1). Rheinweiler: Maharishi European Research University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, J. R. (1975). The Transcendental Meditation program as a possible treatment modality for drug offenders: Evaluation of a pilot project at Milan Federal Correctional Institution. Bloomington, Indiana: Department of Forensic Studies, Indiana University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaroni-Fisher, M., & Fisher, D. (Ed.) (2011). Consciousness-based education and sustainability, volume 11. Consciousness-based Education: A Foundation for Teaching and Learning in the Academic Disciplines (a series of 12 volumes), Maharishi University of Management Press, Fairfield, IA, USA.

  • Schmidt-Wilk, J., Alexander, C. N., & Swanson, G. C. (1997). Developing consciousness in organizations: The Transcendental Meditation program in business. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10(4), 429–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shilapi, S. (2006). The environmental and ecological teachings of Tiṛthaṅkara Mahāvīra. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 160–167). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhvi, L. M. (1990). The Jain declaration on nature. London: Institute of Jainology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhvi, L. M. (2006). The Jain declaration on nature. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 217–224). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, G., & Oates, R. (1989). Enlightened management: Building high-performance people. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatia, N. (2006). The Jain worldview and ecology. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 4–18). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobias, M. (2008). Jainism and ecology: Views of nature, non-violence, and vegetarianism. The Bucknell Review, 37(2), 138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallely, A. (2006). From liberation to ecology: Ethical discourses among orthodox and diaspora Jains. In C. H. Chapple (Ed.), Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life (pp. 193–216). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vannucci, M. (1999). Human ecology in the Vedas. Restructuring Indian History & Culture, No. 19, D.K. Printworld, New Delhi, India.

  • Wallace, R. K. (1970). Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Science, 167, 1751–1754.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, P.G. (2011). Approaching material well-being: Maharishi Vedic organic agriculture. In M. Scaroni-Fisher and D. Fisher (Eds.), Consciousness-based Education and Sustainability, Volume 11 [pp. 123–217], Consciousness-based Education: A Foundation for Teaching and Learning in the Academic Disciplines (a series of 12 volumes), Maharishi University of Management Press, Fairfield, IA, USA.

  • Wallace, R. K., Orme-Johnson, D. W., & Dillbeck, M. C. (Eds.). (1990). Scientific research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: Collected papers, (Vol. 5). Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Government of the Age of Enlightenment. (1978). A time of crisis: Environment. World Government News, 9, 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yam, D. (2009). Mad cow disease. Scientific American, 301, 89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge that Transcendental Meditation, TM-Sidhi and other terms used in this paper are subject to trademark protection in many countries worldwide, including the USA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lee Fergusson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fergusson, L., Wells, G. & Kettle, D. The personal, social and environmental sustainability of Jainism in light of Maharishi Vedic Science. Environ Dev Sustain 20, 1627–1649 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9957-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9957-1

Keywords

Navigation