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Ecosystem-level Impacts of Oil Spills: A Review of Available Data with Confidence Metrics for Application to Ecosystem Models

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Abstract

Oil spills remain a persistent threat to marine life, but their long-term effects across different taxonomic groups are poorly understood. Few ecosystem models can predict the long-term effects of oil spills in marine systems due to data gaps and complexity of both marine systems and oil as a contaminant mixture. To support the development of regional ecosystem models, we reviewed the available data on the effects of oil spills on the marine ecosystem, and present and apply a process for selecting and assessing data on contaminant stressors. Our region of interest is the Salish Sea, a marginal sea in the Pacific Ocean, spanning the USA and Canada. We collate and present the data currently available on the impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil-derived persistent organic pollutants, across multiple ecological groups within the Salish Sea. We then apply a scoring system to gauge the usefulness of those data for modelling the ecosystem impacts of these contaminant stressors. Within the available data on ecological processes and impacts of PAH, we identify data gaps in PAH uptake rates and metabolism across most biological groups, and in the overall effects of contaminants on marine mammals, sharks, and seabirds. These data gaps highlight research priorities that can enhance long-term risk assessments of oil-related contaminants on the marine ecosystem, and support broader modelling efforts and environmental management efforts in the Salish Sea and beyond.

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All datasets generated within the study have been provided with the manuscript. Datasets referenced in the text are listed in the reference list.

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Funding

This work was supported by funding from Fisheries and Oceans Canada Multi-Partner Research Initiative (MPRI); British Columbia Salmon Restoration and Innovation Fund (BCSRIF) to S.E.A. and D.L.; and Washington SeaGrant (R/HCE-25) Evaluating the effects of Southern Resident orcas recovery actions and external threats in the marine ecosystem of Puget Sound to H.M.L.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Raisha Lovindeer, Susan E. Allen & Doug Latornell

  2. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Sara Mynott

  3. CSIRO Environment, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Javier Porobic, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Sharon E. Hook, Heidi Pethybridge & Jess Melbourne-Thomas

  4. Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Sara Mynott, Javier Porobic, Elizabeth A. Fulton & Jess Melbourne-Thomas

  5. Long Live the Kings, Seattle, WA, USA

    Hem Nalini Morzaria-Luna

  6. Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA

    Hem Nalini Morzaria-Luna

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Contributions

R.L., S.M., J.P.G. and E.A.F. drafted the initial text. All authors contributed to the final manuscript text. S.M. prepared Figs. 1, 2 and 3. S.E.H. and H.P. conducted the data review and selection for Tables 2, 3 and S1. R.L. prepared Tables 4 and S2. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Lovindeer, R., Mynott, S., Porobic, J. et al. Ecosystem-level Impacts of Oil Spills: A Review of Available Data with Confidence Metrics for Application to Ecosystem Models. Environ Model Assess 28, 939–960 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-023-09905-1

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