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Assessing the Co-movements Between Electricity Use and Carbon Emissions in the GCC Area: Evidence from a Wavelet Coherence Method

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Abstract

This paper investigates the association between CO2 emissions and a range of factors, including electricity consumption, economic growth, urbanization, and trade openness for six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries using data covering the 1965–2019 period. Namely, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. Contrasting with the standard literature, our empirical strategy uses the wavelet coherence approach on the frequency domain, thought to complement the time series econometric procedures reported earlier on this topic. Supplied at the country level, associated evidence presents far-reaching policy recommendations whose applications may directly benefit environmental planning and bring high information value for the sake of sustainable energies in the Gulf region.

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Availability of Data and Material

Data is available upon request to the authors.

Code Availability

Codes are available upon request to the authors.

Notes

  1. Some of the Gulf countries like UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain are born in 1971, 1971, and 1980, respectively. Therefore, for these countries, we performed a backcasting of all series through the backward recursive process, by using the function reverse forecast package in R software. This function uses ARIMA model to predict the years 1965–1970 for UAE and Qatar, and 1965–1979 for Bahrain.

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Acknowledgements

Comments from the Editor Jerzy A. Filar and the anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable and professional comments that improved our paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Administrative Sciences, Applied Science University, East Al-Ekir, P. O. Box 5055, Kingdom of Bahrain

    Ali Matar

  2. Department of Financial Science & Banking, School of Business, Jadara University, P. O. Box 733, Irbid, Jordan

    Ali Matar

  3. Huzhou University, Huzhou, China

    Zeeshan Fareed

  4. Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

    Cosimo Magazzino

  5. Oman College of Management and Technology, Musqat, Oman

    Mahmoud Al-Rdaydeh

  6. The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK

    Nicolas Schneider

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  1. Ali Matar
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  2. Zeeshan Fareed
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  3. Cosimo Magazzino
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  4. Mahmoud Al-Rdaydeh
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  5. Nicolas Schneider
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Contributions

Ali Matar: performed the conceptualization, investigation, data curation, supervision, and original draft preparation, reviewing. Zeeshan Fareed: performed data curation, methodology, and software. Cosimo Magazzino: performed methodology; validation; supervision; and writing–reviewing and editing. Mahmoud Al-Rdaydeh: analyzed the section of results analysis and discussion and software. Nicolas Schneider: visualization; data curation; writing–original draft preparation. Note: all authors read and approved the final manuscript. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We understand that the corresponding author is the sole contact for the editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions, and final approval of proofs. We confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is accessible by the corresponding author.

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Correspondence to Ali Matar.

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Matar, A., Fareed, Z., Magazzino, C. et al. Assessing the Co-movements Between Electricity Use and Carbon Emissions in the GCC Area: Evidence from a Wavelet Coherence Method. Environ Model Assess 28, 407–428 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09871-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09871-0

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