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A Critical Review of Applications of QMRA for Healthy and Safe Reclaimed Water Management

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Abstract

Reclaimed water use is being propounded as the best alternative source to address water demand concerns. Apprehensions exist concerning the microbial risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a growing interest in the risk assessment approach that can assimilate scientific and statistical programs to predict microbial risks in reclaimed water and ensure safe reuse. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a systematic framework for predicting this risk in either infection, illness or death. The present review provides insight into the current state of knowledge about the reclaimed water, its potential reuse applications, components of the QMRA framework and its application for reclaimed water management. The emphasis is placed on fundamental ideas and how the QMRA framework is applied to ensure the safe use of reclaimed water. This paper summarizes the challenges and knowledge gaps that require brainstorming and better understanding. The focus is to view the QMRA framework as a corresponding discipline that creates value for achieving sustainable reclaimed water reuse, not as a barrier.

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Data Availability

As this is a review, all data was collated from peer-reviewed studies. No additional data was collected in this review.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Director, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and other colleagues for their support. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Nishita Dsouza for her invaluable help and guidance in reviewing the manuscript for English proficiency and framework.

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  1. CSIR- National Engineering Environmental Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India

    Rajashree Hajare, Pawan Labhasetwar & Pranav Nagarnaik

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh , India

    Rajashree Hajare, Pawan Labhasetwar & Pranav Nagarnaik

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R.H. drafted the manuscript and did the literature review. P.N. was involved in conceptualizing and reviewing the document. P.L. contributed to reviewing and editing the drafts. All authors approved the final manuscript.

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Hajare, R., Labhasetwar, P. & Nagarnaik, P. A Critical Review of Applications of QMRA for Healthy and Safe Reclaimed Water Management. Environ Model Assess 26, 339–354 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-021-09757-7

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