Abstract
The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKWT), designated as a Ramsar Site for its crucial role in sewage water purification, agriculture and pisciculture, faces escalating environmental threats due to rapid urbanisation. Employing the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), this study spans three decades to elucidate the evolving dynamics of EKWT. Using Landsat TM and OLI images from 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021, the research identifies key parameters within the PSR framework. Principal component analysis generates environmental risk maps, revealing a 46% increase in urbanisation, leading to reduced vegetation cover and altered land surface conditions. The spatial analysis, utilizing Getis–Ord Gi* statistics, pinpoints risk hotspots and coldspots in the EKWT region. Correlation analysis underscores a robust relationship between urbanisation, climatic response and environmental risk. Decadal ERA exposes a noteworthy surge in high-risk areas, indicating a deteriorating trend. Quantitative assessments pinpoint environmental risk hotspots, emphasizing the imperative for targeted conservation measures. The study establishes a direct correlation between environmental risk and air quality, underscoring the broader implications of EKWT’s degradation. While acknowledging the East Kolkata administration’s efforts, the research recognises its limitations and advocates a holistic, multidisciplinary approach for future investigations. Recommendations encompass the establishment of effective institutions, real-time monitoring, public engagement and robust anti-pollution measures. In offering quantitative insights, this study provides an evidence-based foundation for conservation strategies and sustainable management practices essential to safeguard the East Kolkata Wetlands.
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Data are available based on considerable requests.
Abbreviations
- BOB:
-
Bay of Bengal
- BT:
-
Brightness of temperature
- DN:
-
Digital number
- EKWT:
-
East Kolkata Wetland
- ERA:
-
Environment Risk Assessment
- EVI:
-
Enhanced vegetation index
- FRAM:
-
Fuzzy Rule-based Assessment Model
- GEE:
-
Google earth engine
- HERH:
-
High environmental risk hotspots
- LERC:
-
Low environmental risk coldspots
- LSE:
-
Land surface emissivity
- LSM:
-
Land surface moisture
- LST:
-
Land surface temperature
- LULC:
-
Land use and land cover
- MERH:
-
Moderate environmental risk hotspots
- NDBSI:
-
Normalised difference built-up and bare soil index
- NIR:
-
Near infrared
- OLI:
-
Operational land imager
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PSR:
-
Pressure-state-response
- RF:
-
Random forest
- RS:
-
Remote sensing
- SVM:
-
Support vector machine
- SWIR:
-
Shortwave infrared
- TM:
-
Thematic mapper
- TOA:
-
Top of atmosphere
- UHI:
-
Urban heat island
- VLERC:
-
Very low environmental risk coldspots
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Halder, S., Das, S. & Bose, S. Environmental risk analysis of a Ramsar site: a case study of east Kolkata wetlands with PSR framework. Environ Monit Assess 196, 432 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12585-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12585-3