Abstract
This study seeks to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in the city of Mashhad employing two strategies. We initiated our research using basic statistical methods such as paired sample t-tests to compare hourly PM2.5 data in two scenarios: before and during quarantine, and pre- and post-lockdown. This initial analysis provided a broad understanding of potential changes in air quality. Notably, a low reduction of 2.40% in PM2.5 was recorded when compared to air quality prior to the lockdown period. This finding highlights the wide range of factors that impact the levels of particulate matter in urban settings, with the transportation sector often being widely recognized as one of the principal causes of this issue. Nevertheless, throughout the period after the quarantine, a remarkable decrease in air quality was observed characterized by distinct seasonal patterns, in contrast to previous years. This finding demonstrates a significant correlation between changes in human mobility patterns and their influence on the air quality of urban areas. It also emphasizes the need to use air pollution modeling as a fundamental tool to evaluate and understand these linkages to support long-term plans for reducing air pollution. To obtain a more quantitative understanding, we then employed cutting-edge machine learning methods, such as random forest and long short-term memory algorithms, to accurately determine the effect of the lockdown on PM2.5 levels. Our models’ results demonstrated remarkable efficacy in assessing the pollutant concentration in Mashhad during lockdown measures. The test set yielded an R-squared value of 0.82 for the long short-term memory network model, whereas the random forest model showed a calculated cross-validation R-squared of 0.78. The required computational cost for training the LSTM and the RF models across all data was 25 min and 3 s, respectively. In summary, through the integration of statistical methods and machine learning, this research attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of human interventions on air quality dynamics.
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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Conceptualization, methodology, software, supervision, and writing were performed by Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Moezzi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mitra Mohammadi and Mandana Mohammadi and other authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Moreover, conceptualization, methodology, and writing were carried out by Mitra Mohammadi. Writing, review, and editing were done by Didem Saloglu. Razi Sheikholeslami was also handling the writing and editing of the manuscript.
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Moezzi, S.M.M., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadi, M. et al. Machine learning insights into PM2.5 changes during COVID-19 lockdown: LSTM and RF analysis in Mashhad. Environ Monit Assess 196, 453 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12567-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12567-5