Abstract
The mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant is a well-known and widely accepted hyper-accumulator of heavy metals. The genetic makeup of mustard’s cultivars may significantly impact their phytoremediation capabilities. The present study aimed to investigate the growth performance, yield attributes, and heavy metal accumulation potential of B. juncea cv. Varuna, NRCHB 101, RH 749, Giriraj, and Kranti, cultivated in soil irrigated with wastewater (EPS) and bore-well water (MPS). EPS contributed more Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni to tested mustard cultivars than the MPS. EPS reduced morphological, biochemical, physiological, and yield attributes of tested mustard cultivars significantly (p < 0.05) than the MPS. Among the tested cultivars of mustard plants, Varuna had the highest heavy metal load with the lowest harvest index (35.8 and 0.21, respectively). Whereas NRCHB 101 showed the lowest heavy metal load with the highest harvest index (26.9 and 0.43, respectively). The present study suggests that B. juncea cv. Varuna and NRCHB 101 could be used for the phytoextraction of heavy metals and reducing their contamination in food chain, respectively in wastewater irrigated areas of peri-urban India. The outcomes of the present study can also be utilized to develop a management strategy for sustainable agriculture in heavy metal polluted areas resulting from long-term wastewater irrigation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Abuzaid, A. S., Jahin, H. S., Asaad, A. A., Fadl, M. E., AbdelRahman, M. A., & Scopa, A. (2021). Accumulation of potentially toxic metals in Egyptian alluvial soils, berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and tube well water after long-term wastewater irrigation. Agriculture, 11(8), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080713
Ahmed, N., Ehsan, A., Danish, S., Ali, M. A., Fahad, S., Dawar, K., Taban, S., Akca, H., Shah, A. A., Ansari, M. J., Babur, E., & Glick, B. R. (2022). Mitigation of lead (Pb) toxicity in rice cultivated with either ground water or wastewater by application of acidified carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, 307, 114521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114521
Ali, I., Khan, M. J., Shah, A., Deeba, F., Hussain, H., Yazdan, F., Khan, M. U., & Khan, M. D. (2022). Screening of various Brassica species for phytoremediation of heavy metals-contaminated soil of Lakki Marwat. Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 37765–37776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18109-7
Allison, L. E. (1986). Organic carbon. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part1 (pp. 1367–1381). American Soc. Agron.
Appenroth, K. J. (2010). Definition of “heavy metals” and their role in biological systems. Soil Heavy Metals, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02436-8_2
Awashthi, S. K. (2000). Prevention of food adulteration act no. 37 of 1954. Central and state rules as amended for 1999 (3rd ed.). Ashoka Law House.
Chand, J., & Kumar, P. (2020). Yield attribute shift of mustard grown under cadmium contaminated soil. Plant Archives, 20(2), 3518–3523.
Chaudhry, H., Nisar, N., Mehmood, S., Iqbal, M., Nazir, A., & Yasir, M. (2020). Indian mustard Brassica juncea efficiency for the accumulation, tolerance and translocation of zinc from metal contaminated soil. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 23, 101489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101489
Choudhary, K. K., & Agrawal, S. B. (2014). Ultraviolet-B induced changes in morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of two cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 100, 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.032
Chugh, L. K., & Sawhney, S. K. (1999). Photosynthetic activities of Pisum sativum seedlings grown in presence of cadmium. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 37(4), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(99)80028-X
Cui, Y. J., Zhu, Y. G., Zhai, R. H., Chen, D. Y., Huang, Y. Z., Qiu, Y., & Liang, J. Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International, 30(6), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.003
Davidson, C. M. (2013). Methods for the determination of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability, 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_4
Diwan, H., Ahmad, A., & Iqbal, M. (2012). Chromium-induced alterations in photosynthesis and associated attributes in Indian mustard. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33, 239–244.
Dong, W., Zhang, Y., & Quan, X. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metals and pesticides: A case study in the main drinking water source in Dalian, China. Chemosphere, 242, 125269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125113
Du, J., Guo, Z., Li, R., Ali, A., Guo, D., Lahori, A. H., Wang, P., Liu, X., Wang, X., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Screening of Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars for the phytoremediation of cd and Zn based on the plant physiological mechanisms. Environmental Pollution, 261, 114213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114213
Ejaz, A., Khan, Z. I., Ahmad, K., Muhammad, F. G., Akhtar, S., & Hussain, M. I. (2022). Appraising growth, daily intake, health risk index, and pollution load of Zn in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in soil differentially spiked with zinc. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(23), 34685–34700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18130-w
EU. (2006). Commission regulation (EC) no. 1881/2006 of 20 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in soil and foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L, 364, 5–24.
Feng, R., Wei, C., & Tu, S. (2013). The roles of selenium in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 87, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.09.002
Gocer, H., & Gulcin, I. (2011). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): Correlation of structure and antioxidant properties. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 62(8), 821–825. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.585963
Guadie, A., Yesigat, A., Gatew, S., Worku, A., Liu, W., Ajibade, F. O., & Wang, A. (2021). Evaluating the health risks of heavy metals from vegetables grown on soil irrigated with untreated and treated wastewater in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 761, 143302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143302
Haider, Z., Fatema, K., Shoily, S. S., & Sajib, A. A. (2023). Disease-associated metabolic pathways affected by heavy metals and metalloid. Toxicology Reports, 10, 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.04.010
Huihui, Z., Xin, L., Zisong, X., Yue, W., Zhiyuan, T., Meijun, A., Yuehui, Z., Wenxu, Z., Nan, X., & Guangyu, S. (2020). Toxic effects of heavy metals Pb and cd on mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedling leaves: Photosynthetic function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism responses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 195, 110469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110469
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice- hall of India Pvt. Ltd..
Jan, S., & Parray, J. A. (2016). Approaches to heavy metal tolerance in plants (pp. 1–18). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1693-6
Kalavrouziotis, I. K., Rezapour, S., & Koukoulakis, P. H. (2013). Wastewater status in Greece and Iran. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(1), 11–21.
Kapoor, D., Kaur, S., & Bhardwaj, R. (2014). Physiological and biochemical changes in Brassica juncea plants under cd-induced stress. BioMed Research International, 14, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/726070
Karak, T., Bhattacharyya, P., Paul, R. K., & Das, D. K. (2013). Metal accumulation, biochemical response and yield of Indian mustard grown in soil amended with rural roadside pond sediment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 92, 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.019
Liyana-Pathirana, C. M., & Shahidi, F. (2005). Antioxidant activity of commercial soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by gastric pH conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7), 2433–2440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049320i
Madhav, S., Mishra, R., Kumari, A., Srivastav, A. L., Ahamad, A., Singh, P., Ahmed, S., Mishra, P. K., & Sillanpää, M. (2023). A review on sources identification of heavy metals in soil and remediation measures by phytoremediation-induced methods. International journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04950-5
Mansoor, S., Ali, A., Kour, N., Bornhorst, J., AlHarbi, K., Rinklebe, J., Abd El Moneim, D., Ahmad, P., & Chung, Y. S. (2023). Heavy metal induced oxidative stress mitigation and ROS scavenging in plants. Plants, 12(16), 3003. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163003
Naorem, A., Patel, A., & Udayana, S. K. (2022). Exploitation of soil amendments to remediate heavy metal toxicity for safe cultivation of crops. Microbial Biotechnology: Role in Ecological Sustainability and Research, 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119834489.ch9
Nawaz, H., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Akhtar, J., & Arfan, M. (2021). Cadmium, chromium, nickel and nitrate accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using wastewater irrigation and health risks assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208, 111685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111685
Obasi, P. N., Chibuike, A., & Immaculate, N. (2023). Contamination levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in food crops in Ishiagu area, lower Benue trough South-Eastern Nigeria. International journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04748-x
Ordon-Ez, A. A. L., Gomez, J. D., Vattuone, M. A., & Isla., M.I. (2006). Antioxidant activities of Sechiumedule (Jacq.) swart extracts. Food Chemistry, 97, 452–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.024
Osman, H. E. M., Abdel-Hamed, E. M. W., Al-Juhani, W. S. M., Al-Maroai, Y. A. O., & El-Morsy, M. H. E. M. (2021). Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in food crops irrigated with freshwater and treated wastewater: A case study in southern Cairo, Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(36), 50217–50229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14249-y
Pandey, A., Agrawal, M., & Agrawal, S. B. (2023). Ultraviolet-B and heavy metal-induced regulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants: A review. Metabolites, 13(3), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030341
Patil, P. M., Matkar, A. R., Patil, V. B., Gurav, R., & Dhanavade, M. J. (2023). Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using bioremediation approach. Modern Approaches in Waste Bioremediation: Environmental Microbiology, 377–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24086-7_18
Perron, N. R., & Brumaghim, J. L. (2009). A review of the antioxidant mechanisms of polyphenol compounds related to iron binding. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 53, 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-009-9043-x
Petelka, J., Abraham, J., Bockreis, A., Deikumah, J. P., & Zerbe, S. (2019). Soil heavy metal (loid) pollution and phytoremediation potential of native plants on a former gold mine in Ghana. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 230, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4317-4
Radziemska, M., Mazur, Z., & Fronczyk, J. (2016). Influence of application mineral sorbents in soil contaminated with nickel on the content of some elements in Indian mustard. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences, 31(1), 21–31.
Rahman, M., Khatun, A., Liu, L., & Barkla, B. J. (2018). Brassicaceae mustards: Traditional and agronomic uses in Australia and New Zealand. Molecules, 23(1), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010231
Rasheed, M. J. Z., Ahmad, K., Khan, Z. I., Mahpara, S., & Ahmad, T. (2020). Assessment of trace metal contents of indigenous and improved pastures and their implications for livestock in terms of seasonal variations. Revista de Chimie, 71(7), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.37358/Rev
Rezapour, S., Atashpaz, B., Moghaddam, S. S., & Damalas, C. A. (2019). Heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with treated wastewater in calcareous soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 656, 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.288
Sahay, S., Inam, A., & Iqbal, S. (2020). Risk analysis by bioaccumulation of Cr, cu, Ni, Pb and cd from wastewater-irrigated soil to Brassica species. International journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 2889–2906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02580-4
Sardar, A., Shahid, M., Natasha, Khalid, S., Anwar, H., Tahir, M., Shah, G. M., & Mubeen, M. (2020). Risk assessment of heavy metal (loid) s via Spinacia oleracea ingestion after sewage water irrigation practices in Vehari District. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 39841–39851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09917-4
Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M., & Marshall, F. (2007). Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 66(2), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.11.007
Sharma, S., Nagpal, A. K., & Kaur, I. (2019). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in tube well water and associated health hazards posed to human population of Ropar wetland, Punjab, India and its environs. Chemosphere, 227, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.009
Sharma, J. K., Kumar, N., Singh, N. P., & Santal, A. R. (2023). Phytoremediation technologies and its mechanism for removal of heavy metal from contaminated soil: An approach for a sustainable environment. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1076876
Sheetal, K. R., Singh, S. D., Anand, A., & Prasad, S. (2016). Heavy metal accumulation and effects on growth, biomass and physiological processes in mustard. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 21(2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-016-0221-8
Sidhu, G. P. S., Singh, H. P., Batish, D. R., & Kohli, R. K. (2017). Tolerance and hyperaccumulation of cadmium by a wild, unpalatable herb Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Brassicaceae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 135, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.001
Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M., & Marshall, F. (2009). Effects of wastewater irrigation on physicochemical properties of soil and availability of heavy metals in soil and vegetables. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40(21–22), 3469–3490. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620903327543
Singh, P. K., Yadav, J. S., Kumar, I., Kumar, U., & Sharma, R. K. (2022). Carpet industry irrigational sources risk assessment: Heavy metal contaminated vegetables and cereal crops in northern India. Toxicology Reports, 9, 1906–1919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.010
Sinha, S., Gupta, A. K., & Bhatt, K. (2007). Uptake and translocation of metals in fenugreek grown on soil amended with tannery sludge: Involvement of antioxidants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 67, 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.07.005
SOPA (2021) India Oilseeds-Area, production and productivity. The soybean processors association of India. http://www.sopa.org/india-oilseeds-area-production-and-productivity/ (Date of access:November 30, 2021).
Sut-Lohmann, M., Grimm, M., Kästner, F., Raab, T., Heinrich, M., & Fischer, T. (2023). Brassica juncea as a feasible Hyperaccumulator of chosen potentially toxic metals under extreme environmental conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research, 17(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-023-00528-8
Tariq, Y., Ehsan, N., Riaz, U., Nasir, R., Khan, W. A., Iqbal, R., Ali, S., Mahmoud, E. A., Ullah, I., & Elansary, H. O. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal (oid) s accumulation in eggplant and soil under different irrigation systems. Water, 15(6), 1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061049
Thakur, A. K., Parmar, N., Singh, K. H., & Nanjundan, J. (2020). Current achievements and future prospects of genetic engineering in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.). Planta, 252(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03461-8
Tian, L., Sun, H., Dong, X., Wang, J., Huang, Y., & Sun, S. (2022). Effects of swine wastewater irrigation on soil properties and accumulation of heavy metals and antibiotics. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 22(3), 889–904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03106-7
Ullah, S., Mahmood, T., Iqbal, Z., Naeem, A., Ali, R., & Mahmood, S. (2019). Phytoremediative potential of salt-tolerant grass species for cadmium and lead under contaminated nutrient solution. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(10), 1012–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1594683
Ullah, S., Ali, R., Mahmood, S., Atif Riaz, M., & Akhtar, K. (2020a). Differential growth and metal accumulation response of Brachiaria mutica and Leptochloa fusca on cadmium and lead contaminated soil. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 29(8), 844–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2020.1777935
Ullah, S., Iqbal, Z., Mahmood, S., Akhtar, K., & Ali, R. (2020b). Phytoextraction potential of different grasses for the uptake of cadmium and lead from industrial wastewater. Soil & Environment, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.25252/SE/2020/91796
Ullah, S., Mahmood, S., Ali, R., Khan, M. R., Akhtar, K., & Depar, N. (2021). Comparing chromium phyto-assessment in Brachiaria mutica and Leptochloa fusca growing on chromium polluted soil. Chemosphere, 269, 128728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128728
Ullah, S., Depar, N., Khan, D., Memon, A. A., Ali, A., & Naeem, A. (2023a). Selenate and selenite induced differential Morphophysiological modifications to mitigate arsenic toxicity and uptake by wheat. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2023.2204956
Ullah, S., Naeem, A., Calkaite, I., Hosney, A., Depar, N., & Barcauskaite, K. (2023b). Zinc (Zn) mitigates copper (cu) toxicity and retrieves yield and quality of lettuce irrigated with cu and Zn-contaminated simulated wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(19), 54800–54812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26250-8
USEPA. (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. In Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) (Vol. I).
Verma, N., Rachamalla, M., Kumar, P. S., & Dua, K. (2023). Assessment and impact of metal toxicity on wildlife and human health. Metals in Water, 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95919-3.00002-1
Vijendra, P. D., Huchappa, K. M., Lingappa, R., Basappa, G., Jayanna, S. G., & Kumar, V. (2016). Physiological and biochemical changes in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia L.) under cadmium stress. Journal of Botany, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6403938
Wolfe, K., Wu, X., & Liu, R. H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 609–614. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020782a
World Health Organization. (2006). WHO guidelines for the safe use of wasterwater excreta and greywater (Vol. 1).
Wu, M. X., Luo, Q., Liu, S. L., Zhao, Y., Long, Y., & Pan, Y. Z. (2018). Screening ornamental plants to identify potential cd hyperaccumulators for bioremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.049
Yadav, P., Kaur, R., Kohli, S. K., Sirhindi, G., & Bhardwaj, R. (2016). Castasterone assisted accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant to increase tolerance of B. Juncea plants towards copper toxicity. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1276821. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1276821
Yadav, P., Singh, R. P., Gupta, R. K., Pradhan, T., Raj, A., Singh, S. K., Pandey, K. D., & Kumar, A. (2023a). Contamination of soil and food chain through wastewater application. Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection, 9, 109–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apmp.2022.11.001
Yadav, R., Singh, G., Santal, A. R., & Singh, N. P. (2023b). Omics approaches in effective selection and generation of potential plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal from contaminated resources. Journal of Environmental Management, 336, 117730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117730
Yang, Y., Zhou, X., Tie, B., Peng, L., Li, H., Wang, K., & Zeng, Q. (2017). Comparison of three types of oil crop rotation systems for effective use and remediation of heavy metal contaminated agricultural soil. Chemosphere, 188, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.140
Yang, L. P., Zhu, J., Wang, P., Zeng, J., Tan, R., Yang, Y. Z., & Liu, Z. M. (2018). Effect of cd on growth, physiological response, cd subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Koelreuteria paniculata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 160, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.026
Yaseen, M., Aziz, M. Z., Komal, A., & Naveed, M. (2017). Management of textile wastewater for improving growth and yield of field mustard (Brassica campestris L.). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 19(9), 798–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1284757
Zaheer, I. E., Ali, S., Saleem, M. H., Imran, M., Alnusairi, G. S., Alharbi, B. M., Riaz, M., Abbas, Z., Rizwan, M., & Soliman, M. H. (2020). Role of iron–lysine on morpho-physiological traits and combating chromium toxicity in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants irrigated with different levels of tannery wastewater. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 155, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.034
Zeremski, T., Ranđelović, D., Jakovljević, K., Marjanović Jeromela, A., & Milić, S. (2021). Brassica species in phytoextractions: Real potentials and challenges. Plants, 10(11), 2340. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112340
Zhang, H., & Tsao, R. (2016). Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Current Opinion in Food Science, 8, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2016.02.002
Zhang, H. Z., Guo, Q. J., Yang, J. X., Shen, J. X., Chen, T. B., Zhu, G. X., Chen, H., & Shao, C. Y. (2015). Subcellular cadmium distribution and antioxidant enzymatic activities in the leaves of two castors (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars exhibit differences in cd accumulation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 120, 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.003
Zheng, N., Liu, J., Wang, Q., & Liang, Z. (2010). Heavy metals exposure of children from stairway and sidewalk dust in the smelting district, northeast of China. Atmospheric Environment, 44(27), 3239–3245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.002
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Head, Department of Botany; Coordinator, Center of Advanced Study in Botany and Coordinator, Institute of Eminence (IoE), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India for supporting requisite research resources throughout the entire work. UGC, New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged for financial assistance in the form of Junior and Senior Research Fellowship (Grant No. F.15-6 (DEC.2015)/2016 (NET) to Prince Kumar Singh during the present work.
Funding
Prince Kumar Singh is grateful to UGC, New Delhi for providing financial support as Junior and Senior Research Fellowship (Grant No. F.15–6 (DEC.2015)/2016 (NET) during the present work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Rajesh Kumar Sharma and Prince Kumar Singh designed the study. Prince Kumar Singh performs the experimental work. Prince Kumar Singh analyze the data and wrote the manuscript. Jayshankar Yadav, Indrajeet Kumar and Umesh Kumar helped in experimental work, data analysis, and manuscript formatting. Rajesh Kumar Sharma supervised the research and provided valuable suggestions for manuscript preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
This research does not involve human and animal subjects.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
This manuscript describes the original research work and is not under consideration by any other.
journal. We have not submitted this paper to any preprint servers before submitting it to Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. All authors approved the manuscript and this submission.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• B. juncea cultivars accumulate more heavy metals from wastewater irrigated soil.
• B. juncea cv. Varuna is used for remediation of heavy metals from contaminated soil.
• B. juncea cv. NRCHB 101 showed the highest yield with low heavy metal load.
• Cluster analysis showed poor relation between cv. NRCHB 101 and Varuna.
• B. juncea cv. NRCHB 101 is recommended for cultivation in wastewater irrigated areas.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, P.K., Yadav, J.S., Kumar, I. et al. Screening of mustard cultivars for phytoremediation of heavy metals contamination in wastewater irrigated soil systems. Environ Monit Assess 196, 321 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12506-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12506-4