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Assessing the extent and impacts of linear infrastructure on Sri Lanka’s natural and protected areas: Implications for future development planning

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Abstract

Linear infrastructure (LI) has varying effects on landscapes depending on different ecosystems' sensitivity and threat levels. Economically developing tropical countries are particularly at risk from LI. Therefore, understanding a country’s current LI network and planning future developments to avoid further fragmentation and disturbance is crucial. This study aimed to assess the extent of Sri Lanka’s LI network (i.e., roads, railroads, and powerlines), given that it is both a biodiversity hotspot and an economically developing country in the tropics. First, we calculated the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) indices and examined their spatial autocorrelation per divisional secretariat division. Then a multivariate cluster analysis was used to determine clusters of natural and protected areas that may receive similar impacts from different LI and their combinations. Results indicated that roads are the most widespread LI type in Sri Lanka, followed by powerlines and railroads. Over 80% of Sri Lanka’s total land area falls within 1 km of either a national or a provincial/local road. Areas with high NDVI were primarily manmade habitats, with less than 20% contribution from protected areas. Over 50% of the total protected area of Sri Lanka is being impacted by all three types of LI. Powerlines were the most common LI type in protected areas in proportion to their total network lengths. To minimize environmental impact while achieving development goals, future LI development activities should use a landscape approach to identify development needs and strategies informed by these findings.

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Data availability

We utilized publicly available satellite images with the source link provided in the methods section. The LI network geospatial data and land use land cover data were obtained from the Road Development Authority and the National Physical Planning Department of Sri Lanka, respectively, with their permission for educational purposes. As a result, these data are subject to availability restrictions and are not publicly accessible. However, upon reasonable request and with the approval of the respective authorities, the data can be obtained from the authors. The published article includes all the other data generated or analyzed during this study.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Road Development Authority and the National Physical Planning Department of Sri Lanka for sharing the required geospatial data. We also acknowledge Mr. Thushara Peiris and Mr. M. K. Bhagya Manoj for their valuable assistance in acquiring the data.

Funding

We thank the National Research Council of Sri Lanka (Grant No. 16-029) for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA

    Dishane K. Hewavithana

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

    Devaka K. Weerakoon

  3. Department of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA

    Shouraseni Sen Roy

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  1. Dishane K. Hewavithana
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Contributions

Dishane K Hewavithana: conceptualization, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, formal analysis. Devaka K. Weerakoon: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, validation. Shouraseni S. Roy: conceptualization, supervision, methodology, writing—review and editing, visualization.

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Correspondence to Dishane K. Hewavithana.

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Hewavithana, D.K., Weerakoon, D.K. & Roy, S.S. Assessing the extent and impacts of linear infrastructure on Sri Lanka’s natural and protected areas: Implications for future development planning. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1281 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11865-8

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