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Sources and toxicological effects of metal and metalloids on human health through fish consumption in mineral-rich city, Ranchi, India

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Abstract

Ranchi is the administrative capital of Jharkhand and is located in the southern part of the Chhotanagpur Plateau. It is rich in forest and mineral resources and hence is suitable for the establishment of many large- and small-scale industries. The estimated population of Ranchi for the year 2023 is 3.54 million. These demographic characteristics make the capital more vulnerable to environmental degradation. Also, previous water quality research focused on river, water, and oceans separately; however, little or no work has been carried out on the comparison of metal or metalloid analysis in rivers, waterfalls, and lakes. Hence, the present study aims to assess the pollution status of mineral-rich and industrial hub city, Ranchi, through analysis of metals or metalloids in abiotic (water and sediment) and biotic (fish and human) components. The water, sediment, and fish (Labeo rohita and Catla catla) samples were collected from Subarnarekha river, Jumar river, Dassam fall, Getalsud dam, Hundru fall, Jonha fall, Kanke dam, and Sita fall. Samples were collected following standard methods and analyzed in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Among three aquatic systems (rivers, dams, and falls), dams were highly polluted with metals or metalloids, which may be due to effluent discharge from different industries. Additionally, the high population in the city also contributed to metals or metalloids pollution. The reason may be the direct sewage disposal and agricultural and surface runoff in the water systems. It was observed that most of the aquatic systems in Ranchi were severely polluted with metals or metalloids. The fish also accumulated these metals or metalloids in their body and can be life-threatening to the human population consuming them. The THQ (above 1) and HI (2.95) values for As showed that children are more vulnerable to health risk through consumption of contaminated fish. Hence, proper planning and management are needed to overcome the metals or metalloids pollution in Ranchi.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly indebted to the Amity University, Jharkhand (Employee I.D.: 309377) for offering assistance in conducting laboratory/field work to the author. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Babu Lal and Mr. Gobind Prasad Modi for providing help in the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Jharkhand, 834002, India

    Preeti Kumari

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Engg., Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India

    Preeti Kumari

  3. Department of Mining Engineering, Academy of Maritime Education and Training, Chennai, 603112, India

    Puja Hansdah

  4. Department of Fuel, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India

    Puja Hansdah

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The authors have equally contributed in preparing the study design and contributed in material preparation, data collection and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. Preeti Kumari, and figure and tables were prepared by Dr. Puja Hansdah. Both authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Preeti Kumari.

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All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors. This study contains no studies with human participants or animal experiments conducted by the author. Only edible fish species were collected by fishermen are used. All experiments have been conducted as per the guidelines of the Guidelines of CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals) for experimentation on Fishes. All of the material is owned by the authors and/or no permissions are required. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

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Kumari, P., Hansdah, P. Sources and toxicological effects of metal and metalloids on human health through fish consumption in mineral-rich city, Ranchi, India. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1032 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11639-2

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